Our view of the world

• Who studied Native American cultures to investigate language influence on thought?

  Whorf
• How does the Hopi language influence their perception of time?

  It doesn’t distinguish between past, present, future
• What is a weakness of Whorf's study on the Hopi language?

  Only one individual was studied
• What do critics argue about the Hopi language's description of time?

  It’s not very different from European languages
• What did Carmichael et al. use to study language influence on memory?

  Pictures with different descriptions
• What was the outcome of Carmichael et al.'s study?

  Pictures reflected the labels heard
• What is a limitation of the materials used in Carmichael et al.'s study?

  The materials were ambiguous
• Why might the results of Carmichael et al.'s study not generalize to everyday life?

  We are less influenced by labels
• What did Brown and Lenneberg find about the Zuni people?

  They have one word for shades of yellow and orange
• How did the Zuni people's language affect their colour recognition?

  They had difficulty recalling those colours
• What is a weakness in cross-cultural research according to the Zuni study?

  Language barriers affect communication
• What did Roberson et al. find about the Berinmo people?

  They have difficulty recalling many colours
• How does the Berinmo study support the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis?

  Language influences specific cognitive processes
• What is a counterargument to the findings about the Dani people's colour perception?

  They performed well on colour-matching tasks
• What does the Dani people's performance suggest about language and colour perception?

  Lack of colour words did not influence thinking