case study: India

• What are the four main types of jobs in India?

  Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
• What does the primary sector involve?

  Getting raw materials from the land
• What does the tertiary sector provide?

  Services like healthcare and education
• What does the quaternary sector mean?

  ICT and research activities
• What is a country's industrial structure?

  The percentage of people in each job type
• How can changing the balance between industry sectors help a country?

  It can aid in the country's development
• What was India's main type of industry up until the 1980s?

  Primary industry
• What is a subsistence farmer?

  A farmer who grows food for their family
• What did the Indian government encourage from the late 1980s?

  Foreign transnational corporations to set up
• What effect did the establishment of factories have on workers?

  Factory workers earn more money
• How does the tertiary sector's pay compare to primary and secondary sectors?

  Tertiary workers are paid more
• What is the multiplier effect?

  Improvement in one area leads to others
• What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?

  A company operating in multiple countries
• Why is India attractive to TNCs?

  Well-educated population and lower wages
• Name two companies that manufacture cars in India.

  Hyundai and Honda
• What are some advantages of TNCs in India?

  Jobs, education, infrastructure improvements
• How do TNCs contribute to local communities?

  By providing new facilities and training
• What is one disadvantage of TNCs in India?

  Harsh working conditions in factories
• What is economic leakage?

  Profit sent abroad by foreign TNCs
• Why might the best jobs go to foreign workers in TNCs?

  They are often from the TNC's home country
• What natural resource issue occurred with a soft drink bottling plant in Kerala?

  It impacted local water supplies
• What is India's balance of trade?

  Negative balance; imports exceed exports
• What are India's biggest imports?

  Oil, stones, electrical machinery
• What does India primarily export?

  Petroleum, jewellery, pharmaceuticals, rice
• What was India's population structure like in 1985?

  Typical of a developing country
• Why was having many children seen as an asset in 1985 India?

  Children helped work on farms
• What caused the decline in birth rates in India?

  More people working in secondary and tertiary jobs
• How has life expectancy changed in India?

  Increased from 58 to 70 years
• What is international aid?

  Money given to help developing countries
• What are the types of international aid?

  Short-term, long-term, tied, charitable, bilateral, multilateral
• What does ODA stand for?

  Official Development Assistance
• Who are the biggest contributors of ODA to India?

  Japan, Germany, France, UK
• What has caused rapid urbanisation in India?

  Economic changes and population growth
• What is one advantage of urbanisation in India?

  Creates a skilled workforce for TNCs
• How does urbanisation affect education in India?

  Increases development of secondary and university education
• What is cumulative causation?

  Wealth leads to further economic development
• How does urbanisation improve sanitation?

  Reduces water-borne diseases and infant mortality
• What is a disadvantage of rapid urbanisation?

  Lack of affordable accommodation in cities
• What problems can arise from slum growth in cities?

  Inadequate waste disposal and high disease rates
• What does quality of life refer to?

  Wellbeing of individuals or groups