immune response

• what are antibodies

  immunoglobulins

  globular glycoproteins
• what is the quaternary structure of antibodies

  y-shaped

  short 'light' polypeptide chain and long 'heavy' polypeptide chain joined together by disulfide bridges known as the hinge region

  variable region and constant region
• what is different in the variable regions of antibodies

  the sequence of amino acids
• what are the different ways immunoglobulins can function

  directly attack pathogens

  agglutination (sticking pathogens together)

  act as opsonins (tags pathogens to make them more obvious)

  act as antitoxins (neutralise toxins)
• what are cytokines

  any cell signaling molecule
• what are interleukins

  a type of cytokine