Biology-Term 3 '23

• 5 kingdoms:

  Monera- Prokaryotic

  Protista-Eukaryotic

  Fungi-Eukaryotic

  Plantae-Eukaryotic

  Animalia-Eukaryotic
• Eukaryotic: cells have a nucleus
• Prokaryotic: cells have no nucleus
• The 7 basic characteristics of living things:

  1. Movement
  2. Respiration
  3. Reproduction
  4. Growth
  5. Sensitivity to the environment
  6. Excretion
  7. Nutrition
• Different types of microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, protists/protista and viruses
• Viruses are not considered as living organisms because they cannot reproduce or grow without a host cell.
• Viruses are pathogenic parasites; they are inactive outside their hosts.
• Viruses attack other organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and plants and cause diseases in their hosts.
• Bacteria: Living organisms that are neither plant nor animal. Bacteria is unicellular.
• Bacteria is classified according to its shape:

  • Cocci; round
  • Bacilli; rod-shaped
  • Spirilla; spiral
• Protists-Protista: A group of organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi. Usually unicellular.
• Protists live in water or areas with moisture.
• Protists make their own food by photosynthesis, they have chlorophyll.
• Fungus: Organism that absorbs nutrients from dead organic matter. They do not contain chlorophyll so cannot produce their own food through photosynthesis
• Types of microscopes: Light Microscope, Electron Microscope.
• How do light microscopes work?

  Light bounces off a sample or passes through lenses.
• How do electron microscopes work?

  They use electrons instead of light to form an image.
• Units used measure with a telescope:

  1. micrometre
  2. nanometre
  3. pictometre
• Common diseases caused by micro-organisms: Tuberculosis, Malaria, AIDs, diarrhoea, meningitis.
• Pathogenic organisms: Are microorganisms that cause disease in humans or animals.
• Pathogentic organisms occur almost everywhere.
• AIDS: a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body's cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy.
• AIDS is caused by: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
• HIV is transmitted through contact of bodily fluids of an infected person.
• HIV infections occur because of the following:

  • sexual contact
  • sharing hypodermic needles
  • contact with infected blood
  • transfer from mother to child during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
• HIV infected people may experience:

  • fever
  • aching muscles and joints
  • sore throat
  • swollen glands
• HIV and AIDS infections can be managed by:

  • leading a healthy lifestyle
  • taking ARVs; Antiretroviral medicines
• Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the lungs.
• Symptoms of tuberculosis: Cough up blood, weight loss, night sweats and fever.
• Malaria: A disease caused by a protist that is spread by the bite of an infected female mosquito.
• Symptoms of malaria: high fever, chills, shaking, sweating, head and muscle aches and vomiting.
• Microorganisms help to decompose dead organic matter and release nutrients back into the soil.
• Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead organic matter and return it to the soil.
• Micro-organisms are used to make food such as bread, cheese, and yoghurt.
• Micro-organisms are used to make medicines such as insulin and penicillin.