animal coordination control and homeostasis

• What are the two communication systems in the human body?

  Nervous system and endocrine system
• What do hormones act as in the body?

  Chemical messengers
• What is the role of glands in the endocrine system?

  Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
• What is the pituitary gland known as?

  The master gland
• What does the pituitary gland secrete hormones for?

  To affect the body or stimulate other glands
• What hormone does the pancreas secrete?

  Insulin
• What does insulin control?

  Blood glucose levels
• What hormone does the thyroid secrete?

  Thyroxine
• What does thyroxine control?

  Metabolic rate, heart rate, and temperature
• What hormone does the adrenal gland secrete?

  Adrenaline
• What is the role of adrenaline in the body?

  Involved in the fight or flight response
• What hormone do ovaries secrete?

  Oestrogen
• What is the role of oestrogen?

  Involved in the menstrual cycle and female characteristics
• What hormone do testes secrete?

  Testosterone
• What is the role of testosterone?

  Production of sperm and male characteristics
• How does the hormonal system compare to the nervous system?

  It is slower but acts for longer
• What does adrenaline prepare the body for?

  Fight or flight response
• What are some aspects of the fight or flight response?

  Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow
• What happens to blood vessels during the fight or flight response?

  They dilate to increase blood flow to muscles
• What does the liver do during the fight or flight response?

  Breaks down glycogen into glucose
• What does thyroxine regulate?

  Metabolic rate
• What stimulates the production of TRH?

  Low levels of thyroxine
• What does TRH cause the release of?

  TSH from the pituitary gland
• What does TSH act on?

  The thyroid to produce thyroxine
• How is thyroxine level controlled?

  By negative feedback
• What happens when thyroxine levels increase?

  Inhibits the release of TRH and TSH
• What is the menstrual cycle?

  Process to prepare for potential pregnancy
• What happens at the beginning of the menstrual cycle?

  The lining of the uterus breaks down
• What occurs during ovulation?

  An egg is released from the ovary
• What happens if a fertilized egg is not embedded?

  The lining begins to break down
• What hormones control the menstrual cycle?

  1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

  • Matures egg in the ovary
  • Stimulates oestrogen production

  1. Oestrogen

  • Causes uterine lining to grow
  • Stimulates LH production
  • Inhibits FSH secretion

  1. Luteinising hormone (LH)

  • Triggers ovulation

  1. Progesterone

  • Maintains uterine lining
  • Inhibits FSH and LH release

  
• What is the role of the contraceptive pill?

  Prevents egg maturation by regulating hormones
• What does the mixed pill contain?

  Oestrogen and progesterone
• What happens if the contraceptive pill is not taken regularly?

  Body's hormones will lead to egg maturation
• What are some side effects of the mixed pill?

  Mood swings, breast pain, increased blood pressure
• What does the contraceptive patch do?

  Releases oestrogen and progesterone
• How long does the contraceptive patch last?

  1 week
• What does the contraceptive implant do?

  Releases continuous progesterone
• How long does the contraceptive implant last?

  3 years
• What is the effect of the contraceptive injection?

  Same as the implant