Changing spaces making places

• Representation: Describing a place in a particular way. Done through newspapers, social media, advertisements etc.
• Location: A position in abstract space.
• Meaning: At an individual level it can be personal or subjective. If shared it is due to a cultural or social level.
• Creswell in 2008 explains that a place has a meaning segment of geographical space of connections and linkages. A location has a flow of people, ideas etc.
• Places are dynamic, changing in terms of their material, human and physical geography but also in the meanings associated with them.
• 'A place can have an objective meaning (address etc.) and a subjective meaning (added by humans).
• A place is an area of the earths surface that humans have transformed / changed over time and continue to do so.
• Socio economic factors of a place include: Employment, Income, education and family status.
• Political factors of a place include: Regional, local or national government
• Cultural factors of a place include: Religion, local traditions, local clubs and societies.
• Demographic factors of a place include: Age of population, population size and ethnicity.
• Built environment factors of a place such as: Age and style of buildings, building matierals and density of housing.
• Physical geography factors of a place include: Altitude, slope angle, geology and drainage.
• Formal representation: Official and objective sources of information made by official organization. E.g Census data or crime figures
• Informal representation: Personal and subjective interpretations of a place. Examples: Photography, film and music
• When the census first started in 1801, it was used to measure the population. Now factors such as age, gender and education are considered.
• Once census data is collected it is seperated into 4 sections:

  • Super output
  • Super output upper
  • Super output middle
  • Super output lower
• Benefits of formal representation:

  • Gives actual representation of a place
  • Changes over time
  • Easily Comparable
• Disadvantages of formal representation:

  • No day to day life is considered
  • Peoples emotions to a place isn't considered
  • Relies on the honesty of people
• Advantages of informal representation:

  • Diverse perspectives
  • Sights and sounds are shown
  • Can show detail of a place
• Social inequality: Where resources are unevenly distributed and cause difference between groups in society. Social inequality involves factors such as income, education and quality of healthcare.
• Quality of life: The extent of which peoples needs and desires are met
• Standard of living: The ability to access services and goods such as food, water, housing, clothes and mobility.
• Quality of life isn't just about economic needs; social, psychological and physical needs are also met. General well-being is considered. Whereas standard of living considers mainly economic needs.
• Cycle of deprivation:

  • Poverty (Low income)
  • Poor living conditions
  • Ill health
  • Poor education
  • Poor skills
• Poverty: A lack of income to meet basic needs. Such as access to food, decent housing or healthcare.
• Relative poverty: Falling below national average.
• Absolute poverty: Living on less than $2 a day
• Deprivation extends beyond income and encompasses a lack of resources and opportunities. Such as employment or education. A lack of these shows a community struggling to thrive.
• Poverty in the UK is considered to be living on less then 60% of average income (£494). Where as absolute poverty in the UK is considered to be living on less than £296 a week.
• According to the world bank living off of $1.25 a day is absolute poverty.
• Deprivation index measures 7 domains:

  • Income
  • Employment
  • Education
  • Health
  • Crime
  • Housing / services
  • Living environment
• What affects peoples behaviour in a place?


  Emotional attachment / memories
• What is the concept of a global village?

  The world becoming smaller due to travel time
• One major consequence of relationships between and among TNC's and other states, is the global shift.
• Global shift: The relocation of manufacturing production on a global level.
• 50 years ago manufacturing occurred in the US or Western Europe, and countries like Brazil and Zambia would have raw materials and limited bases for manufacturing.
• The 1980's saw the New International Division of Labour gain pace. Meaning countries like Europe, North America and Japan built labour intensive factories in Newly Industrialising Countries like Latin America and South / East Asia.
• Due to containerisation and bulk handling, there has been a lack of employment in the primary and secondary employment sectors, resulting in many workers in AC's loosing jobs.
• Many workers now work in tertiary and quarternary sectors with a 30% increase in tertiary workers since 1970s.