DNA

• The structure of DNA consists of two strands twisted around each other, forming a double helix shape.
• DNA is the genetic material that contains all the instructions needed to build an organism.
• Each base pair has one purine (A or G) and one pyrimidine (C or T).
• Adenine always pairs with thymine through hydrogen bonds between their complementary base structures.
• Each nucleotide contains three parts - a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).
• DNA is made up of nucleotides that are linked together to form the backbone of the molecule.
• Each strand of DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases attached to it.
• Guanine always pairs with cytosine through hydrogen bonds between their complementary base structures.
• DNA is only found in the nucleus of the cell
• RNA is found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosome
• The monomer of both DNA and RNA is the Nucleotide
• Genes can be located on any of the 23 human chromosomes
• A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or functional RNA molecule
• Nucleic acids have three main functions: storage of genetic information (in chromosomes), transmission of genetic information from one generation to another during reproduction, and expression of genetic information as proteins
• A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or functional molecule
• Chromatin is made up of proteins (histones) and DNA
• DNA replication is the process of making an exact copy of itself
• The process of DNA replication occurs in the "S" phase of the cell cycle
• In eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus
• Transcription is the process of copying DNA into RNA, which is the first step in protein synthesis.
• Translation is the process of converting the information in a gene into a sequence of amino acids.
• Mutations: Changes in DNA code that are not as benefitial.
• Adaptations: Beneficial changes.
• Heredity: The transmission of traits from one generation to the other.
• Meiosis: Division of sex cells to produce gametes
• Mitosis: Cell division that results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
• Ribosomes make proteins. They are found in the rough ER endoplasmatic reticulum.
• mRNA: Messanger of the genetic code that carries the genetic information to the ribosome.
• tRNA: Transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.
• Adenine always pairs with thymine through hydrogen bonds.
• The four types of bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
• Chromosome: Condensed genetic material found in the nucleus of the cell.
• RNA: Found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosome.
• Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism and carries alleles.
• Phenotype: Physical traits that are expressed by an organism.
• Polygenic: Many genes.
• Alleles are different versions of genes.
• The prophase is the process where the cell prepares to divide and the chromosomes condense.
• In metaphase, the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
• In anaphase, the chromosomes pull apart and move to the opposite poles of the cell.