Biomolecules

• Biomolecules are necessary for life and are known as Macromolecules.
• Macromolecules are organic molecules which mainly contain carbon.
• Biomolecules are composed of repeating units of monomer.
• One unit of polymer equals four units of monomer.
• A polymer is a large molecule and a monomer is the basic unit or building block.
• Each classification of biomolecules differs in its elemental composition, structure, and function.
• Carbohydrates are the main component of GO foods and provide us with energy for the body to function.
• Excessive intake of carbohydrates can cause high blood sugar levels and increase the risk of heart diseases.
• Monomers of carbohydrates (monosaccharides) are hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.
• Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of monomers as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
• Proteins regulate the metabolic function of the body.
• Structures are scaffoldings that maintains the shape of cells.
• Insulin breaks down carbohydrates.
• Lipids store energy for long-term use.
• Nucleic Acid are large biomolecules that include DNA and RNA.
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is an information-carrying molecule (genetic info), a molecular blueprint, determines the traits of organisms, and is double-stranded helical (spiral).
• RNA (ribonucleic acid) serves as biological catalysts, contains enzymes (ribozymes), can speed up the chemical reaction, and is single-stranded.
• Nucleotide elements are found from the structure above: CHONP (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus).
• Pentose sugar is a part of nucleotide, forms a pentagon, and is nitrogenous base (adenine).
• Monosaccharides are the basic unit called “simple sugar” and readily dissolve in water and are sweet to taste.
• One sugar molecule is represented by CnH2nOn.
• The number of carbon atoms in a sugar molecule is represented by “n”.
• Fructose is the sweetest sugar and is found in ripe fruits.
• Waxes are a long chain of alcohol and fatty acids that are resistant to degradation, waterproof, and used as a lubricant, polisher, and ointment.
• Steroids, such as vitamin D, are used for energy and calcium development and have a unique component that is the 4 fused C ring and alcohol.
• Phospholipids have a unique component that is phosphate.
• Waxes have a unique component that is alcohol.
• Proteins are large biomolecules that contain long chains of amino acids (monomer of proteins).
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, contain an amino group (-NH₂) and a carboxylic group (-COOH), and all amino acids are connected to the central carbon (α-carbon).
• There are 20 alpha-amino acids that make up most proteins in the body.
• Dehydration Synthesis is the process where 2 amino acids combine to form a peptide bond.
• Hydrolysis Degradation is when water reacts with a peptide.
• Fibrous proteins are insoluble in water, have structural purposes, and examples include collagen, actin, and keratin.
• Globular proteins are soluble in water, have non-structural purposes, and examples include albumin, hemoglobin, and immunoglobulin.
• A typical cell contains 9000 different proteins, making them the most abundant biomolecules in the body.
• 100,000 different proteins help carry out all the body functions.
• Enzymes, or catalysts, increase the rate of biochemical reactions.
• Lipase helps in breaking down fatty foods.
• Amylase is an enzyme that helps in breaking down starches.
• Gino is in SEM 1 2023.