cellular respiration

• ATP synthase is an enzyme that synthesizes ATP during oxidative phosphorylation.
• The formula for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
• Glucose breaks down in the presence of Oxygen to produce ATP, pyruvate and CO2
• The movement of electrons from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction; also known as a redox reaction
• oxidation is the loss of an electron from a substance
• reduction is the addition of electrons to a substance
• NAD+ is a coenzyme from the niacin vitamin which accepts electrons and reduces to NADH
• FAD is a coenzyme from the vitamin riboflavin accepts 2 hydrogen atoms and 2 electrons and is reduced to FADH2
• The three stages of cellular respiration is glycolysis, Krebs cycle (acetyl CoA enters), and oxidative phosphorylation
• In glycolysis, the first step is the breaking down of glucose to make two pyruvate molecules and two ATP
• A second product of glycolysis is 2 NADH, which results from the transfer of a hydrogen molecules to the carrier NAD+
• glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
• 2 atp, 2 pyruvate, and 2 nadh are produced during glycolysis
• pyruvic acid is transported to the mitochondrion and each one is converted to acetyl CoA and co2 is released
• 2 acetyl CoA molecules enter the Krebs cycle
• krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
• each molecule of acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate/citric acid
• ATP is used for work: mechanical, transport, and chemical
• NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers
• oxidative phosphorylation is the third and final stage of cellular respiration
• electrons are transferred from electron carriers to oxygen resulting in ATP synthesis
• the electron transport chain is a series of redox reactions that occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane
• Electron carriers shuttle down the electron transport chain, the hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions and electrons
• oxygen is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation stage
• oxygen binds with electrons transferred from the electron transport chain and some hydrogen to form h2o
• if oxygen were not available to accept the electrons they wouldn't move down the chain at all, the whole process of ATP production would shut down.
• chemiosmosis is the process of energy from the electron transport chain pumping hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space. The pumping of hydrogen ions creates a pH gradient or proton(hydrogen) gradient. This gradient's potential energy creates ATP
• hydrogen ions can only diffuse across the inner mitchondrial membrane through a channel called the ATP synthase
• oxidative phosphorylation produces 32 ATP
• krebs cycle produces 2 atp, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 co2 per glucose
• CO2 produced in krebs cycle is a waste product
• anaerobic respiration occurs when organisms cannot use oxygen to make ATP
• fermentation is the process that occurs in anaerobic respiration instead of krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
• in anaerobic conditions, pyruvic acid is converted to either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and CO2
• yeast and some bacteria undergo alcoholic fermentation
• animals and some bacteria undergo lactic acid fermentation
• atp synthase causes an endergonic reaction
• glucose comes from the food we eat
• we breathe to take in O2 and release CO2 and to produce energy for all of our bodily work
• why is fermentation less effective than the krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation?

  only 2 molecules of atp are generated per glucose molecule rather than the 34 molecules of atp that come from the krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation