osteology of lower limb

• Posterior Hip Dislocation, also known as Dashboard Injury, occurs when the knee strikes against the dashboard.
• Treatment for Posterior Hip Dislocation includes reduction under General Anesthesia (GA) and traction for 3 weeks.
• Complications of Posterior Hip Dislocation can include Sciatic Nerve Injury, Avascular Necrosis, and Osteoarthritis.
• Fracture of the femoral neck occurs when a fall on the ground occurs, often in an osteoporotic patient.
• Treatment for Fracture of the femoral neck includes accurate reduction, secure fixation by screws, and early activity.
• Hip bone consists of ilium, ischium & pubis which meet each other at the acetabulum and articulate with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints.
• If Fracture of the femoral neck fails, it can result in Total Hip Replacement.
• Femoral intertrochanteric fracture is common in elderly and osteoporotic women and is treated by early Internal fixation.
• The ilium is the upper flattened part of hip bone, it has iliac crest, iliac tubercle, anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), posterior inferior iliac spine.
• Femoral shaft fracture is most common in young adults due to high energy injury, but can also occur in the elderly, often due to pathological reasons.
• The ischium is L shaped, it has body, ramus, spine, tuberosity.
• Treatment for Femoral shaft fracture includes traction, Internal fixation, or External Fixation.
• The pubis is the lower part of hip bone, it has body, superior ramus, inferior ramus, pubic crest, pubic tubercle.
• Tibial plateau fractures are usually treated with open reduction and internal fixation.
• Fractured patella is treated with Internal fixation.
• The upper end of femur has head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric line, anteriorly, intertrochanteric crest, posteriorly, quadrate tubercle, gluteal tuberosity.
• The shaft of the femur posteriorly has linea aspera, the medial margin of linea aspera continues below as the medial supracondylar ridge to the adductor tubercle, the lateral margin continues below as lateral supracondylar ridge.
• The lower end of the femur has lateral and medial condyles, lateral and medial epicondyles.
• The patella is the largest sesamoid bone, it is triangular, and its apex lies inferiorly, the apex is connected to the tuberosity of the tibia by the ligamentum patellae, the upper, lateral, and medial margins give attachment to different parts of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
• Tibia is the large weight-bearing medial bone of leg, it has lateral and medial condyles ( tibial plateaus ), tibial tuberosity, the lower end has medial malleolus.
• Fibula is the slender lateral bone of leg, it takes no part in the articulation at the knee joint, & it takes no part in the transmission of body weight, but it provides attachment for muscles, the upper end has a head and neck, the lower end has lateral malleolus.
• Tarsal Bones include calcaneum, talus, navicular, cuboid, three cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate & lateral).
• Calcaneum forms prominence of heel, it has six surfaces: anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, superior & inferior, the medial surface has sustentaculum tali, which assists in the support of the talus, talus has head, neck & body.
• Metatarsal Bones and Phalanges include five metatarsals, the first metatarsal is large & strong and plays an important role in supporting weight of body, each toe has three phalanges except the big toe, which has only two.