Liberalism

• What is liberalism?

  A political ideology developed in reaction to realism
• How did liberalism relate to realism historically?

  Liberals often adopted realist views in global politics
• What was a common stance of 19th and 20th century liberals?

  Support for the British Empire's interests
• What factors contributed to the growth of liberalism in the 20th century?

  • Decline in conflict
  • Rise in democracy
  • Growth in world trade
  • Growth of IGOs (e.g., UN, NATO, EU, IMF)
• What is one reason many say liberalism is on the decline?

  Countries becoming isolationist
• How do liberals view human nature compared to realists?

  Liberals see individuals as altruistic, realists as selfish
• What do liberals argue is more beneficial for everyone?

  Selflessness over selfishness
• What is the prisoner's dilemma in liberalism's context?

  Better to both state guilt for utilitarian goals
• Which thinker is often compared to liberals regarding human nature?

  Locke
• In what way are liberals and Locke's views similar?

  Both are rational and cooperative in nature
• What do liberals believe about states and their interests?

  • States can act selflessly
  • Interests reflect a plurality of interests
  • Interests change with political control and public opinion
• What do liberals argue states should promote?

  Human rights and democracy
• How do liberals view realism's perspective on states?

  As a conflict straitjacket leading to war
• What is complex interdependence?

  States' fortunes are tied together
• Who developed the idea of complex interdependence?

  Robert Keohane and Robert Nye
• What does complex interdependence promote according to liberals?

  Peace through shared values and ties
• What do liberals believe prevents war?

  Global trade, connectivity, and interdependence
• When might a liberal argue for war?

  To protect human rights or national interest
• What is the Kantian Triangle?

  • International organisations
  • Democracy
  • Economic interdependence
• How is liberalism often illustrated?

  As a cobweb model
• Why has liberalism been described as a cobweb model?

  Countries are connected by trade
• What does the cobweb model illustrate about countries?

  They rely on each other within a system
• Which countries are mentioned in the context of liberalism's cobweb model?

  Brazil, Nigeria, South Africa, Mexico
• What does the cobweb model suggest about international relations?

  Countries are interconnected and interdependent
• How does liberalism view the role of international organizations?

  As promoters of peace and cooperation
• How does liberalism differ from realism in terms of state behavior?

  Liberalism sees states as non-unitary actors
• What is the significance of the 'international community' in liberalism?

  It justifies intervention for human rights
• What is liberalism?

  Belief that states give up sovereignty
• What do liberals think about global governance?

  It is effective and provides order
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of liberalism?

  Advantages:

  • Opportunities for beneficial actions
  • Freedom with responsibilities

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Potential for harmful actions
  • Requires cooperation among states
• How do liberals go beyond realists in their view of global actors?

  Liberals include businesses, religions, and social movements
• Why do liberals believe a realist view is too simple?

  Realists focus mainly on conflict and weapons
• When would a liberal agree to go to war?

  To defend their state or protect human rights
• What do liberals believe about human nature?

  Humans are rational and cooperative
• How do liberals view institutions like the UN?

  As capable of helping states settle issues
• What is the harm principle according to liberals?

  It balances state freedom with individual freedom
• How do liberals view inequality and poverty?

  They emphasize reducing inequality and poverty
• How do liberals apply John Stuart Mill's harm principle?

  They aim for the common good through cooperation
• What is Rawls' enabling state concept?

  States promote positive freedom for society
• How do liberals view global anarchy?

  They believe order needs to be created