Biology

• Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes and are involved in breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
• Golgi apparatus is an organelle consisting of flattened sacs called cisternae, where proteins and lipids are modified and packaged into vesicles for transport throughout the cell.
• Ribosomes are small structures found floating freely or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, responsible for protein synthesis.
• The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within the cytoplasm, with two main types: rough ER (studded with ribosomes) and smooth ER (smooth surface).
• Chromosomes are made up of DNA molecules that contain genes.
• The nucleus is the control centre of the cell, containing genetic material.
• Mitochondria are organelles that generate energy through aerobic respiration, producing ATP molecules from glucose.
• Chloroplasts are organelles present only in plant cells, containing chlorophyll which absorbs light energy used in photosynthesis.
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and contains genetic information passed on from parents to offspring.
• Vacuoles are large fluid-filled compartments surrounded by a single membrane, storing water, nutrients, pigments, and wastes.
• Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, providing support and protection.
• Cilia are hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
• Flagella are long whip-like structures found at one end of some eukaryotic cells, propelling them forward
• Pilus are a protein filament that projects from the surface of some prokaryotic cells; hair-like
• Aspetate: not divided into cells or sections by septa.
• Microvilli are projections that increase the cell's surface area
• Plastids: A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.
• Cytoskeleton: A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
• RER: the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification
• SER: the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies chemicals like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants, and stores calcium ions
• Peptidoglycan: A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid
• Nucleoid region: The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA.
• Sister chromatids: Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.
• Cellulose: polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls
• Fungal hyphae: Absorb minerals from the soil and exchange with sugars from the plant (mutualism)
• Sap vacuole: Organelle found in plant cells that stores sap and helps to regulate the amount of water in the cytoplasm.
• Membranes and Membrane Transport are a part of the theme Form and Function.
• Cells are the level of organisation for Lipid Bilayer, Phospholipids, Polar, Nonpolar, Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic, Amphipathic, Kinetic Theory, Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Concentration Gradient, Osmosis, Passive Transport, Integral Proteins, Transmembrane proteins, Peripheral Proteins.
• Channel Proteins, Protein Pumps, Aquaporins are types of Integral Proteins.
• Solution, Solute, Solvent, Solute Concentration are terms related to Osmosis.
• Semipermeable membrane is a component of Active Transport.
• Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) are used for different types of cell–cell junctions.
• Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters are an example of indirect active transport.
• Endocytosis and exocytosis are examples of membrane fusion and formation processes.
• Cholesterol molecules are positioned in membranes and act as a modulator of membrane fluidity, stabilizing membranes at higher temperatures and preventing stiffening at lower temperatures.
• Sodium and potassium channels are examples of voltage-gated channels.
• Sodium–potassium pumps are an example of exchange transporters.
• Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are an example of a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel.
• Glycoproteins, Lipoproteins are types of Lipids.
• Fluid Mosaic Model is a component of Lipids.