circulatory

• What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

  Circulate oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
• What does the cardiovascular system regulate?

  pH, body temperature, and water content
• What are the normal heart rate ranges for cats?

  100 – 180 bpm
• What are the normal heart rate ranges for dogs?

  60 – 140 bpm
• What are the normal heart rate ranges for rabbits?

  130 – 325 bpm
• What are the layers of the heart and their functions?

  • Pericardium: Protects and lubricates the heart
  • Myocardium: Thickest layer, muscle tissue
  • Endocardium: Inner lining between myocardium and chambers
• What does the right side of the heart do?

  Receives de-oxygenated blood and sends it to lungs
• What does the left side of the heart do?

  Receives oxygenated blood and sends it to body
• What separates the two sides of the heart?

  The septum
• What are the main components of blood flow through the heart?

  1. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium
  2. Blood flows through tricuspid valve to right ventricle
  3. Blood is ejected to lungs via pulmonary arteries
  4. Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium via pulmonary veins
  5. Blood flows through mitral valve to left ventricle
  6. Blood is sent to body via aorta
• What do veins do in the cardiovascular system?

  Collect deoxygenated blood from tissues
• What happens during ventricular systole?

  Blood is ejected from the ventricles
• What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

  Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• What is the function of the pulmonary veins?

  Bring oxygenated blood back to the heart
• What do coronary vessels supply?

  Blood to the heart muscles
• What separates the borders of the ventricles?

  Interventricular groove/sulcus
• What prevents backflow into the atrium?

  Chordae tendinae
• What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

  • Systole: Heart muscle contracts, ejects blood
  • Diastole: Heart relaxes, refills with blood
• Where is the sinoatrial node located?

  In the right atrium
• What triggers the heart's electrical impulses?

  Generated by the sinoatrial node
• What is depolarization in the heart?

  Generating electrical impulse from the SA node
• What is repolarization in the heart?

  Pumping cations out of the cell
• What is the pathway of the cardiac impulse?

  1. SA node generates impulse
  2. Impulse travels to atria, causing contraction
  3. Impulse reaches AV node
  4. Travels down Bundle of His
  5. Spreads through Purkinje fibers to ventricles
• What can cause cardiac arrhythmias?

  Failure in SA node or conduction pathway delay
• What is the function of the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?

  Bypasses pulmonary circulation
• What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?

  Bypasses blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
• What does the "lub-dub" sound of the heart represent?

  Closure of heart valves during contractions
• What is cardiac output?

  Amount of blood leaving the heart
• What factors influence cardiac output?

  Stroke volume and heart rate
• What happens during hypovolemic shock?

  Body adapts to sudden blood loss
• How does the autonomic nervous system influence the heart?

  Regulates heart rate and stroke volume
• What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?

  Electrical conduction through the heart
• What does the P wave in an ECG represent?

  Depolarization of the atria
• What does the QRS complex in an ECG represent?

  Ventricular depolarization
• What does the T wave in an ECG represent?

  Repolarization of the ventricles
• What are the differences between arteries and veins?

  • Arteries: Carry blood away from heart, thicker walls, no valves
  • Veins: Carry blood to heart, thinner walls, valves present
• What is the role of smooth muscle in blood vessels?

  Allows constriction and relaxation of vessels
• Where is the cephalic vein located?

  Craniomedial aspect of forelimb
• Where is the femoral vein located?

  Medial aspect of hind limb
• Where is the saphenous vein located?

  Lateral aspect of hind limb