Endocrine system 1

• What is the main difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

  Exocrine glands secrete locally, endocrine secrete into circulation
• What is the role of the endocrine system?

  It maintains homeostasis through hormone secretion
• How does negative feedback work in the endocrine system?

  It causes a reduction in hormone levels
• What effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels?

  Insulin decreases glucose in the blood
• What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?

  Stimulates ovarian follicle development and sperm maturation
• What does adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) regulate?

  It regulates glucocorticoid production in the adrenal cortex
• What condition can result from the over secretion of ACTH?

  Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease)
• What is the role of somatotropin (growth hormone - GH)?

  It regulates growth and energy utilization in the body
• What does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?

  It stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete T4 and T3
• What is the function of luteinising hormone (LH) in females?

  It stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation
• What does interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) stimulate?

  It stimulates testosterone secretion in the testes
• What is the role of prolactin during pregnancy?

  It stimulates mammary gland development and milk secretion
• What does oxytocin do during labor?

  It stimulates uterine contractions
• What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

  It regulates water balance and decreases urine production
• What is another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

  Vasopressin
• How does increased water volume in blood affect blood pressure?

  Higher water volume increases blood pressure
• Where are thyroid glands located?

  On either side of the trachea
• What hormones do the thyroid glands secrete?

  Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
• What is the role of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

  They regulate metabolic rates in the body
• What effect does calcitonin have on blood calcium levels?

  It lowers blood calcium by decreasing bone resorption
• What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

  PTH raises blood calcium levels in response to low levels
• Where are the parathyroid glands located?

  On either side of the thyroid glands in the neck
• What is the function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?

  It stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow
• Where are the adrenal glands located?

  On top of the kidneys
• What are the main groups of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

  Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones
• What is the role of glucocorticoids?

  They regulate metabolism and increase blood glucose
• What do mineralocorticoids regulate?

  They regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance
• What is the function of renin in the RAAS system?

  Renin increases blood pressure through hormone cascade
• What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

  Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
• What is the purpose of adrenaline release?

  To prepare the body for emergency action
• What are the effects of adrenaline on blood glucose levels?

  It increases blood glucose concentrations
• What physiological changes does adrenaline cause?

  Increased heart rate and blood supply to muscles
• What triggers the release of adrenaline?

  Hypoglycemia, stress, hypotension, hypothermia
• What are the key functions of the endocrine system?

  • Secretes hormones into circulation
  • Regulates metabolism, growth, and development
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Controls reproductive processes
• What are the main hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinising hormone (LH)
  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Prolactin
• What are the main hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

  • Glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone)
  • Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • Sex hormones (androgens, estrogens)
• What are the effects of adrenaline on the body?

  • Increases blood glucose levels
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases blood supply to muscles
  • Causes relaxation of GI smooth muscle
  • Stimulates sweat production