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BB 𓆩⟡𓆪
Mitochondria
Lecture 06
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Cards (63)
What gene codes for leptin?
OB
gene
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What is the effect of mutations in the OB gene?
They result in
uncontrolled
overeating
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What does the DB gene code for?
Leptin receptor
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What does the db/db genotype indicate?
Genetically
diabetic
,
dyslipidemic,
obese
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What does the Fa gene represent?
Normal
leptin receptor
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What are Tyr to Phe variants associated with?
Leptin
receptor
mutations
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How many amino acids are altered in some obesity-related mutations?
Three
amino acids
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What is the effect of increased receptor sensitivity to leptin?
It may
reduce
overeating
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What is the LETO strain of rat known for?
Being genetically
obese
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What does OLETF stand for?
Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokashima-Fatty
rats
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What is the difference in fatty disposition between LETO and OLETF rats?
OLETF has a
higher
fat disposition
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What is the significance of the CCK-A receptor?
It is involved in
obesity
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What happens to the CCK-A receptor in OLETF rats?
CCK-A receptor is
deleted
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What is leptin's role in the body?
Controls
eating
behaviour
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How does the fa/fa genotype affect individuals on a high-fat diet?
They
gain
weight significantly
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What is the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in obesity?
It is not
activated
in
obese
individuals
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What does CCK stand for?
Cholecystokinin
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What are the types of CCK receptors?
CCK-A
,
CCK-B
,
CCK-X-R
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What is the relationship between CCK-A receptor polymorphisms and Parkinson’s disease?
They are associated with the
disease
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What is the effect of Vitamin E on cholesterol synthesis?
It
down-regulates
enzyme expression
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What is the role of carnitine in the body?
Import of
fatty acids
into
mitochondria
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What are the main sources of carnitine?
Red meat
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What is the effect of high doses of carnitine in athletes?
Improves
performance
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What is the consequence of excess Vitamin A?
It is highly
toxic
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What is phytanic acid derived from?
Phytol
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What effect does high phytanic acid have on UCP-1 mRNA levels?
It
increases
levels in
BAT
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Where is UCP-2 expressed at high levels?
In
pancreatic islet
cells
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What does UCP-2 regulate?
Cytoplasmic
ATP/ADP
ratio
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How does UCP-3 affect glucose uptake?
Increases
glucose transport into cells
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What is the effect of UCP-3 overexpression in mice?
Prevents weight
gain
on
high-fat diet
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What is the role of UCP-4 in the body?
Improves
insulin sensitivity
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What is the impact of obesogenic compounds on obesity levels?
They contribute to
increased
obesity
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What is phthalic acid used for?
Improves
plasticity
of
food wrappings
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What is the effect of bisphenol A?
It acts as a
pseudo-oestrogen
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How does atrazine affect hormone secretion?
Decreases
luteinising hormone
secretion
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What is the role of organo-bromines?
They are
endocrine
disruptive
agents
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What is the effect of organo-tins on mitochondria?
They inhibit
FoF1
in mitochondria
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What is the relationship between calorie intake and obesity levels?
Calorie intake has remained
constant
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What is the primary reason for increased obesity despite constant calorie intake?
Lifestyle changes
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How do endocrine disruptors affect testosterone?
They
block
testosterone
binding
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