Bowlby

• What was the focus of Bowlby's classical study from 1944?

  Separation in early years
• Which researchers observed the negative effects of separation in orphanages?

  Skeels and Dye
• What did Skeels and Dye's research suggest about the cause of impaired intellectual development in orphanages?

  Lack of emotional care
• What was the aim of Bowlby's 1944 study?

  Investigate delinquent behaviour from prolonged separation
• What type of sample was used in Bowlby's study?

  Opportunity sample
• What research method was used in Bowlby's study?

  Series of case studies
• How many participants were in the control group?

  44
• How many participants were there in Bowlby's study?

  88
• What age range were the participants in Bowlby's study?

  5-17
• What characteristics did the control group share with the thieves in Bowlby's study?

  Age, sex, IQ, emotional disturbance
• Where did all participants in Bowlby's study attend?

  Bowlby’s child guidance clinic
• Why were the participants in Bowlby's study described as 'thieves'?

  Stealing was one of their symptoms
• How many Grade IV thieves were in Bowlby's study?

  22
• What was the main IQ level of the thieves in Bowlby's study?

  Average IQ
• What was the first step in the procedure of Bowlby's study?

  Mental tests by a psychologist
• Who conducted the mental tests in Bowlby's study?

  A psychologist
• What did the psychologist note during the mental tests?

  Emotional attitude of the child
• Who interviewed the child's mother in Bowlby's study?

  A social worker
• How long was Bowlby's examination of each child and mother?

  2 hour
• What did the team review after the examination?

  School and other reports
• How often did most of the children meet with the psychiatrist?

  Weekly
• For how long did most of the children meet with the psychiatrist?

  Six months or more
• How many character types did Bowlby categorise the thieves into?

  6
• How many thieves were categorised as 'Normal'?

  2
• How many thieves were categorised as 'Depressed'?

  9
• How many thieves were categorised as 'Circular'?

  2
• What is the 'Hyperthymic' character type similar to?

  ADHD
• How many thieves were categorised as 'Affectionless'?

  14
• How many thieves were categorised as 'Hyperthymic'?

  13
• How many of the 'affectionless' thieves had frequent separations from their mothers?

  12
• How many non-affectionless thieves had been separated?

  3
• How many of the control group had been separated?

  2
• What is the 'Schizoid' character type similar to?

  Schizophrenia
• How many thieves were categorised as 'Schizoid'?

  4
• How many thieves who were not separated had mothers who were 'anxious, fussy, rigid or domineering'?

  17
• How many thieves who were not separated had fathers who openly hated them?

  5
• What other factor was reported in the control group?

  Poor parenting
• What did Bowlby conclude about factors which inhibit the development of the ability to form relationships?

  Affect the likelihood of offending
• What assumptions did Bowlby's findings support?

  Early childhood experiences affect later behaviours
• What other factors did Bowlby link juvenile crime to?

  Social and economic factors