B2: Keeping Healthy

• Some pathogens can be picked up from surfaces, such as door handles, and can cause diseases when you touch them and then touch your eyes, nose, or mouth.
• Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens, which are microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, fungi, and protists that cause diseases in living organisms (humans, animals, and plants).
• Bacteria are very small cells that can reproduce rapidly and make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues.
• Virus are not cells and are the smallest type of pathogen.
• Protist are eukaryotic, usually single-celled and vary in size.
• The resistant bacteria reproduce and pass on their mutations to their offspring.
• Vaccinations and antibiotics are useful in the fight against pathogens, but bacteria and viruses can mutate to form a new, resistant "strain".
• Some strains of bacteria can genetically mutate to develop resistance to the antibiotics.
• The non-resistant bacteria are killed by the antibiotics.
• Fungi can be single-celled or have a body made up of thread-like structures called hyphae, which can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing diseases.
• Fungi can also produce spores, which can be spread to other plants and animals.
• Communicable diseases can be spread in different ways, including through water, air, and surfaces.
• Waterborne diseases are spread when drinking water is contaminated with the diarrhoea of other sufferers, as seen in the case of Cholera.
• Airborne diseases are carried in the air and can be spread when infected plants are blown about by the wind, as seen in the case of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which infects ash trees and causes Chalara ash dieback disease.
• Diseases can also be spread through surfaces, such as door handles, which can be touched by infected people and then touched by others, potentially causing diseases.
• Antiseptics are used to disinfect or kill bacteria, germs, or any microorganisms on the skin to prevent them from reproducing and developing that can cause infection.
• Painkillers are drugs that relieve pain but don't tackle the cause of the disease or kill pathogens, they just reduce the symptoms.
• Antivirals can be used to treat viral infections.
• Antifungals can be used to treat fungal infections like Athlete's foot.
• Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria without killing your own body cells.
• Data can be illustrated in lots of ways, including numerical form, table, graph, frequency table, histogram, and more.
• Antibacterials kill bacteria but overuse of them can lead to bacteria becoming resistant, for example, the MRSA "superbug".
• Exercise increases the rate of respiration, so more oxygen is needed by the cells, leading to an increase in heart rate.
• Aspirin are drugs that kill or disable pathogens used to treat or control diseases.
• Overuse of antibiotics may make some diseases difficult to treat as some bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibiotics.
• Correlation does not equal cause.
• Respiration is the process that transfers energy to your cells, usually requiring oxygen.
• Some medicines can cause adverse reactions in a person, for example, some people have an allergic reaction to penicillin.
• Fungi can also become immune over time.
• Some medicines can also be very expensive, especially if they need to be taken for a long time, and they may not be fully effective.
• The sample should also be random to avoid bias.
• When studying issues about health and disease, data has to be collected from a sample that represents the full potential data set.
• Regular exercise can reduce the risk of some non-communicable diseases, such as CVD.
• Antimicrobials are chemicals used to kill or inhibit microbes.
• The bigger the sample size, the better, as it's more likely that more of the different characteristics present in the whole population will be included.
• Regular exercise can reduce a person's resting heart rate and speed up their recovery rate, and so could help to reduce the chance of them developing some non-communicable diseases.
• Pulse rate is a way of measuring your heart rate, found by putting two fingers on the inside of your wrist or neck and counting the number of pulses in 1 minute.
• A high resting heart rate and a slow recovery rate have both been linked to an increased risk of developing some non-communicable diseases, such as CVD.
• Growing bacteria in the lab involves using agar plates, incubators, and other equipment.
• Vaccines have helped control lots of communicable diseases that were once common in the UK, such as polio, measles, whooping cough, rubella, mumps, tetanus.