Cell Division

• Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle fibers begin to form.
• Anaphase is the third stage of mitosis, where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.
• Mitotic phase includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.
• Interphase is the longest phase, during which DNA replicates and organelles divide to prepare for cell division.
• The cell cycle is the series of events that occur between one cell division and the next.
• Telophase is the final stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and decondense into chromatin.
• Interphase is the phase that occurs before mitosis, during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division.
• Cytokinesis is the process by which two daughter cells separate from one another at the end of cell division.
• Reproduction - production of new individuals through sexual or asexual means.
• What are the distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions?

  interphase & mitosis
• what does mitosis and cytokinesis produce

  two genetically identical daughter cells
• what is mitosis 


  cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
• what does the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end mitosis or meiosis bring

  it brings about the spearation into two daughter cells
• what does interphase prepare the cell for?

  prepares the cell to divide
• what happens during interphase

  DNA is duplicated
• where do cells spend the majority of their time

  interphase
• what does a cell have at the end of interphase

  cell has two full sets of DNA
• what is the cell at the end of interphase


  large enough to begin the division process
• what is G1

  Growth and organelle replication
• what is S

  DNA replication
• what is G2

  Growth
• when does mitosis only occur

  if the cell is large enough and the DNA is undamaged
• what happens in S phase

  cell synthesizes a complete copy of DNA

  also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome
• what to the centrosomes help separate

  DNA during M phase
• You have how many pairs of chromosomes and how many all together

  23 pairs (46 altogether) and 1/2 from mom and 1/2 from dad
• when do chromosomes condense

  at the start of mitosis
• what does DNA do to condense itself

  DNA wraps around proteins (histones)
• in a typical human cell how many feet of DNA is there

  6.5
• what is DNA plus proteins called


  chromatin
• what a chromatid

  one half of a duplicated chromosome
• sister chromatids are held together at what


  the centromere
• what do telomeres protect

  DNA
• what is the purpose of mitosis


  cell division: making two cells out of one
• what does each cell has its own ________ and ___

  cytoplasm and DNA
• the DNA is replicated in interphase when two chromosome strands became four strands (two strands per chromatid)
• two sister chromatids together make a chromosome
• The first step in Prophase is that chromosomes condense and are more visible
• The second step in prophase is that the nuclear membrane (envelope) disappears
• the third step in prophase is that the centrioles have separated and taken positions on the opposite poles of the cell.
• the fourth step of prophase is that the spindle fibers form and radiate toward the center of the cell