NURS 287 FINAL

• What are the 3 types of non specific defences?


  Anatomical and physiological barriers, interferons, inflammatory response
• Anatomical barriers include
• anatomical barriers include?


  skin, mucous membranes, macrophages, and tears
• interferons include?


  preventing binding of virus to uninfected cells and interferes with viral replication
• inflammatory response include?


  vascular and cellular, exudate, reparative
• what are the specific defenses?


  immune system: active and passive
• active (natural) immunity?


  antibodies produced by the body in response to an antigen

  antibodies formed in the presence of an active infection in the body
• How long does active natural immunity last?

  long
• active (artificial) immunity?


  antigens are administered to stimulate antibody production
• example of active (artificial) immunity?

  vaccines, toxoids
• how long does an active (artificial) immunity last?

  long but has to be reinforced by a booster
• what is a passive (natural) immunity?

  antibodies produced by another source, animal or human

  antibodies are transferred naturally from an immune mother to her many through placenta or colostrum
• how long does a passive natural immunity last?

  short
• what is a passive (artificial) immunity?

  immune serum(antibody) serum from an animal or another human is injected
• example of passive artificial immunity?

  rabies vacccine
• how long does passive artificial immunity last?

  2-3 weeks
• list the order for the spectrum of infection?

  colonization, infection, local, systemic, septicemia
• list the chain of infection?

  etiological agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
• examples of etiological agent?

  bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite
• etiological agent is responsible for what?

  causing the infection
• the places where the infectious agent resides and multiplies?


  reservoir
• what are examples of reservoir?

  humans, animals, contaminated water, and soil
• route through which the pathogen leaves the reservoir?


  portal of enxit
• example of a portal of exit?


  cough and sneeze, feces and urine
• direct contact?

  touching the person (aka vehicle)
• indirect contact?

  contaminated surfaces
• examples of direct contact?

  biting, kissing, and sexual transmission
• examples of indirect contact?

  touching contaminated surfaces
• examples of droplet transmission?

  sneezing and coughing
• example of airborne?

  suctioning. aerosol generating procedures
• what is the portal of entry?

  once the pathogen is transmitted, it needs an entry point into the susceptible host
• examples of portal of entry?

  eyes nose mouth
• what is a susceptible host?

  Host that lacks immunity or defence mechanisms against the pathogen
• examples of nursing interventions?

  Hygiene, nutrition, fluids, reducing stress, blood glucose control, health promotion and education, immunizations and vaccines 
• what is an epidemic?

  Refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
• what is an outbreak?

  Same definition of epidemic; more limited geographic area; more likely in a specific season
• what is an endemic?

  Refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infection agent in a population within a geographic area 
• what is a pandemic?

  Refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people. 
• an epidemic may result from?

  A recent increase in amount or virulence of the agent

  The recent introduction of the agent into a setting where it has not been before

  An enhanced mode of transmission so that more susceptible persons are exposed

  A change in the susceptibility of the host response to the agent

  Factors that increase host exposure or involve introduction through new portals of entry
• what are the different types of infectious agents?

  bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites