Anna

• What is tidal volume (TV)?

  Volume of air per breath (ML)
• What is the average tidal volume?

  500 ml
• What is breathing frequency?

  Breaths per minute
• What is the normal range for breathing frequency?

  12-15 breaths per minute
• How is minute ventilation calculated?

  Tidal volume x breathing frequency
• What is minute ventilation?

  Volume of air per minute (L/min)
• What happens to minute ventilation during submax exercise?

  Initial rise, rapid increase, then plateau
• What causes the initial rise in minute ventilation during submax exercise?

  Release of adrenaline
• What happens to minute ventilation during maximal exercise?

  Minute ventilation does not plateau
• What happens to tidal volume during maximal exercise?

  Tidal volume plateaus but breathing frequency continues
• What is the passage of air into the lungs?

  Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea
• What is the function of the mucous membrane and ciliated cells in the airway?

  Moisten, warm, and filter the air
• What do the bronchi subdivide into?

  Smaller bronchioles
• What are alveoli?

  Tiny grape-like clusters for gaseous exchange
• What is the structure of alveolar walls?

  Single cell thick and lined with fluid
• What facilitates gaseous exchange in the alveoli?

  Extensive capillary beds and thin walls
• How does oxygen and carbon dioxide move in the alveoli?

  Oxygen into blood, CO2 into alveoli