topic 2 internal class differences

• internal factors?


  factors within schools such as pupil teacher interactions
• what did keddie 1971 do?

  applied beckers labelling theory when looking at streaming within schools
• what did keddie 1971 find in reguards to working class

  placed in lower streams were treated more negatively and were more likely to have higher level knowledge withheld from them.
• what did ball 1981 find?

  a correlation between childs set and parents occupational background
• according to ball 1981 children with parents in middle class jobs were more likley to what?


  be placed in higher level streams
• what did teachers expect from high level stream students and the impact?

  better achievement which results in a self forfilling prophecy and educational differentaion
• what did howard becker 1971 do as part of his study?

  carried out interviews on 60 chicago high school teachers
• what did becker find in his research on 60 chicago teachers?

  teachers jusged pupils based of how closely they fitted the image of 'ideal pupil'
• who was closest to fitting the ideal pupil?

  middle class students
• who was furthest away from the 'ideal' pupil?

  working class as teachers regarded them as badly behaved
• what did teachers judge when deciding ideal pupil?

  students work, appearance and conduct
• what do dunne and gazeley argue?

  schools consistiently produce working class underachievemnt because of the labels and assumtions of teachers
• in dunne and gazeleys study of 9 english state secondry schools what did teachers normalise?

  the underachievement of the working class as they felt there was nothing they could do about it whereas they believed middle class underachivement could be overcome
• how did teachers deal with underachievement in working class students?

  entered them for easier exams
• how did teachers deal with middle class underachievement?

  set extension work
• what are the three steps of self forfilling prohecy impacting educational achievement?

  1. teacher labels the student as being very clever and on this basis make predictions about them such as they will get As in exams
  2. the teacher treats pupil as if the prediction is already true by giving them more attention and setting a higher level of work
  3. the student internalises the teachers prediction and views themselves in terms of the label and the prediction is fufilled
• whats streaming?

  seperating children into different abilty groups
• studies show self forfilling prohecy is most likley to occur when?

  children are streamed
• according to becker why are working class students more likley to be placed in a lower stream?

  teachers do not view them as ideal pupil and have low expectations of them
• what happens to children placed in lower streams?

  they understand that teachers view them as less intelligent which creates a self forfilling prohecy where pupils live up to teachers low expectations by underachieving
• what did douglas find?

  children placed in a lower stream at age 8 had suffered a decline in IQ aged 11
• why do middle class students thrive in streaming?

  they are the ideal pupil so gain confidence and work harder to improve there grades
• who came up with streaming and the A to C economy?

  gillborne and Youdell
• according to gilbourne and youdell who are most likley to be viewed as having less ability by teachers?

  working class and black students
• what is the impact of being viewed as having less ability?

  they are placed in a lower stream, entered for lowere level exams and have higher level knowlege withheld from them
• gilbourne and youdell linked streaming to what?

  the publishing of exam league tables
• why do schools need a good league table position?

  to attract pupils and funding
• according to gilbourne and youdell publishing leauge tables creates what?

  an A to C economy
• whats the A to C economy?

  system where schools focus time and resources on pupils who have potential to get 5 Cs and boost the schools league table position
• what did gillbourne and youdell mean by the term educational triage?

  schools categories tsudents into three type

  1. those who will pass reguardless and are left to it
  2. those with potential who can be helped to achieve a c grade
  3. hopeless cases doomed to fail
• who are most likley to be labelled hopeless cases?

  working class
• why do working class underachieve according to gilborn and youdell?

  good position in league table drives educational triage which becomes basis for streaming and negative labels about working class are used to segregate them to lower streams where they recieve less support
• whats a pupil subculture?

  a group of pupils who share values and often emerge as a result of labelling and streaming
• who came up with differentation and polarisation?

  colin lacey
• what do polarisation and differentation exaplain?

  the development of pupil suncultures
• whats differenation?

  the process of teachers categorising pupils based off percieved ability and behaviour. those who are deemed more able are given a higher status then those deemed less able
• whats an example of differentation?

  streaming
• whats polarisation?

  pupils response to streaming by moving towards two opposite poles, pro school subcultures and anti school suncultures
• whats a pro school subculture?

  mainly middle class who gain status through approved ways such as academic sucess
• whats an anti school subculture?

  working class who are placed in lower streams and had their confidence undermined by education