pop and env

• The epidemiological transition

  1. Age of infection and famine
  2. Age of receding pandemics
  3. Age of degenerative and man made diseases
  4. Age of delayed degenerative diseases
• Relationship between environment and disease

  • sun exposure= skin cancer/heat stroke
  • extreme weather= water borne diseases
  • topography and drainage=water borne diseases
• The demographic transition model


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• DTM - UK

  1. death rate increasing in 1740 due to cheap gin drinking, BR high
  2. death decrease- 1798=vac against smallpox, BR high---DR increase- child deaths(poor housing)
  3. ww1=drop in births, dr falls slowly
  4. post war baby boom 1950s, DR steady
• Eval of DTM

  • Assumes all countries pass through the same 4 stages
  • needed stage 5 cause population declined in some countries(Germany)
  • doesnt take into account migration
  • LICs dont follow same pattern
• Global patterns of health

  HICS- non communicable diseases, cancers, old age

  LICS- communicable diuseases, malaria, young deaths

  Health improve due to

  • hygine
  • investment into drainage
  • tech
  • med advances
• Issues with Food Security

  • demand, overconsumption in wealthy countries
  • distribution, wastage, uneven
  • production, pop growing too fast
• Strategies to ensure food security

  • Increase food production- green revolution, gene revolution, livestock productivity
  • reduce post-production losses, less food waste, improve storage, improve labelling
  • encourage healthy sustainable diets
• Food security, Global distribution

  • wealthy countries at lower risk of food insecurity as they can afford to import food and transport it around the world
  • insecure countries in Africa, eg somalia, poverty, cant respond to waether hazards, gov restrics trade, poor food storage and transport
• Food security_ Green revolution

  • increase crop yields
  • hybridisation generates new varients of crops
  • Mexico- Maize strains withstand strong wind and disease
  • successes- mexico used to import half its wheat in 1943 then in 1964 it was exporting 500,000 tonnes per year
  • Problems- high cost, only rich farmers could afford tractors which increased unemployment
• Polar climate

  • polar regions
  • extremely cold, below -40, ice covers the land, strong winds
  • 13.4 million ppl across 8 countries- and declining
  • people move around
  • only form of farming is agricultural
  • many heard reindeer- heat, skin, clothing
• Monsoon climate

  • in the tropics
  • involves seasonal reversal of winds
  • summer=low preassure, warm moist air means high and intense rainfall
  • eg. Mumbai- high temps at 32, annual rainfall 2300mm
  • rice farming relies on monsoon climate
  • eg, India- cheap labour intensive farming, economy gains
  • weak monsoon=crop failure=food insecure
• Soils- Podsol- Charactreistics

  • shallow- dont exceed 1m
  • Thick black layer of acidic humus due to poor nutrient cycle(pine needles)
  • allow downward movement of water through soil
• Soils - podsol - Agricultural uses

  • poor due to limited growth
  • uk- upland sheep farming
  • logging, deforestation reduces animal pop(moose)
• Soils - Latasol - characteristics

  • very deep, 40m
  • rich in aluminum oxide and iron(red)
  • dense rainforests, lots of litter decomposes into humus, then quickly absorbed by plants so it lacks nutrients
  • high rainfall causes nutrients to leach from topsoil- less fertile
• Soils - Latasol - Agricultural uses

  • poor as nutrients are leached from humus
  • slash and burn quickly clears area and adds nutrients to soil
  • fertelisers are needed for areable crops
• Managing soil erosion

  • Terracing- turns hills into farmland by creating platforms, moves topsoil to form ridges, so water flows to lower platforms when uppers are full, even distribution
  • Strip cropping- grows crops in strips- alternation, preserves soil fertility by creating water dam inbetween, the strips so nutirents are retained
• Types of farming

  • areable- crops
  • pastoral- livestock
  • mixed- crops and livestock
  • subsistence- for family
  • intensive- invest in labour
  • extensive- invest in machinery
  • comercial- specialise in single crops for profit
• Farm system

  • Inputs- labour, climate, soil fertility
  • Processes- harvesting, rearing livestock
  • Losses- animal deaths, soil erosion, pollution
  • Outputs- crops, livestock
  • Feedback- manure as fertiliser, profits to re-invest
• Malaria- intro

  • tropical vector borne disease, biologically transmitted by mosquitoes
  • symptoms include fever, weakened immune system, death
  • Mosquitoes breed over stagnant water, transmission greatest in rainy season
  • parasites i=need temps 16-32(tropics)
• Malria- global distribution

  • children under 5 most vulnerable
  • Sub-saharan Africa home to 93% of cases and 94% of deaths in 2018
  • 2018- 3.6 bn people at risk
  • 2/3 of global burden is down to 20% of poorest countries
• Malaria- socio-econ env

  • disease of poverty
  • poor housing, overcrowding, rural areas, urban slums, agricultural workers, poor education are more at risk
  • HICs spend more money on prevention methods
  • greater distance to health facilities means fewer seeking treatment
• Malaria- impact on econ wellbeing

  • families- absence from skl/ work = loss of income, cant get meds, loose out of crops
  • gov- maintain health care facilities, loss of production and revenue from taxes
  • direct costa are $18bn anually globally
• Malaria- Mitigation

  • vector controll- remove breeding ground by land use planning, fummigation
  • indoor residual spraying
  • mosquito coils- burn to emitt repellent, only 64% effective, discouraged by WHO
  • Anti malarial drugs, vaccines
  • treatment- reduce impacts
• Japan- physical env influence on pop

  • 93.5% urban
  • 70% mountinous
  • strong fishing industry
  • Air is cleaner, less fossil fuels
• Japan- demography

  • Stage 5 of DTM
  • 29% pop is 65+
  • dependency ratio is highest of G20
  • Life expectancy 84
  • not ethnically diverse
  • income is $44,000 per yr
• Japan- socio, econ,culture influence pop

  • people not having sex in relationships, contraception widely used
  • school is expensive($100,000 for skl and uni)
  • culture- dont have children till marriage, marriages are decreasing(72% men never married)
  • women are more career focused
• Japan- negative implications

  • schools closed
  • 30% GDP spent on pensions+healthcare for elderly
  • 6 million elderly live alone w no support
  • lack of workers to keep economy afloat
• Japan- Positive implications

  • less pressure on skls
  • more jobs in healthcare
  • new robot tech to assist elderly
  • globalisatioon- secondary sector still successful in bringing revenue to economy
• Japan- gov responses

  • gov funding encourages people to have children(pay them)
  • organise speed dating workshops, host events
  • encouraged robot tech
  • retirement age increased to 65 but encourage work till 70
  • consumption tax doubled to 10% to fund increasing pension costs
• Japan- key facts

  • pop growth rate is 0.5%
  • fertility rate is 1.4
  • 126 million in 2019, expected to decrease to 108 by 2050
• Malthus

  • exponential rise in population would outstrip food supply
  • malthusian catastrphe
  • there should be moral restraint to reduce fetility-- delay marriage
  • will be war and famine
  • however he doesnt take into account irrgation green revolution trade
• neo malthusian

  • the club of rome- used comp models to predict rapid population growth would lead to demographic decline
  • eg war famine, global pandemic, overcrowding
  • if we distribute resouces better this wont happen
• boserup

  • population growth allows society to find new ways to increase food supply
  • new innovation for farming methods-- green revolution
  • however migration can relieve pop preassure and can lead to unsuitable farming practices
• simon

  • ultimate resource is human mind
  • supply of natural resources is infinate
  • thought into extract more, find more, discover alternatives
  • however- conditions in countries are worse due to climate change