Culture Bias

• What type of bias occurs when behaviour is judged through the lens of one's own cultural experiences?

  Cultural bias
• What is a key consequence of cultural bias in psychology?

  Skewed perceptions of behaviors outside one's culture
• According to Henrich, what percentage of research participants in major psychology journals were from the United States?

  68%
• According to Henrich, what percentage of research participants in major psychology journals were from Western industrialized nations?

  96%
• What percentage of American subjects were undergraduate psychology students, according to Henrich's research?

  67%
• How much more likely is a WEIRD American university student to be a psychology study participant compared to someone from a non-Western background?

  4,000 times more likely
• Why can using tests developed in Western cultures in different cultural contexts be problematic?

  Cultural biases can influence disorder diagnoses
• What inaccuracies can cultural biases lead to in psychology?

  Inaccuracies in psychological assessment and treatment
• What is the approximate prevalence of schizophrenia in the UK and the West Indies?

  About 1%
• How much more likely are individuals from the West Indies living in the UK to be diagnosed with schizophrenia?

  Nine times more likely
• According to Fernando, what causes the higher diagnosis rate of schizophrenia for West Indians in the UK?

  Category failure
• What is the definition of category failure, according to Fernando?

  Western definitions applied to non-Western populations
• How might hearing voices of angels be interpreted differently in the West Indies versus the UK?

  Normal in West Indies, hallucination in UK
• What was the task used in Asch's conformity study?

  Simple line-matching
• Why did Asch's conformity study demonstrate etic bias?

  Generalized findings to unstudied groups
• What did later research reveal about conformity rates?

  Significant cultural variations
• What is the effect of culturally biased research on psychological theories?

  It can lead to false claims
• Why is culturally biased research especially problematic in psychology?

  It affects understanding and treating abnormality
• In which context was the "Strange Situation" developed?

  American context
• What may the "Strange Situation" not accurately assess in other cultures?

  Child-rearing practices and values
• What attachment style is considered most desirable in the Strange Situation?

  Secure attachment
• What percentage of British samples are classified as having secure attachment?

  75%
• What is an imposed etic?

  Researcher's norms applied to all cultures
• How can different cultural norms influence an infant's behavior in the "Strange Situation"?

  Behaviours labeled 'insecure' via Western standards
• How are German infants more likely to be classified in the Strange Situation?

  Insecure-avoidant
• Which country has the least secure infants in the Strange Situation at 50%?

  China
• How are Japanese infants more likely to be classified in the Strange Situation?

  Insecure-resistant
• What principle states that behaviour should be understood within its cultural context?

  Cultural relativism
• What does cultural relativism acknowledge about behaviors in different cultures?

  Perceptions of normal behaviours may differ
• According to cultural relativism, are all practices and beliefs equally valid?

  No, not necessarily from psychological perspective
• What does cultural relativism emphasise while discussing human rights?

  Understanding and respecting cultural differences
• What does cultural relativism involve in relation to human rights?

  Critical discussions across cultural boundaries
• In what kind of societies is secure attachment most common?

  Western, individualistic societies