french revolution

• Estates General was a legislative body consisting of the three estates (social classes) in France.
• Louis XVIII (18th) fled from the French Revolution to England and led the counter-revolutionary movement.
• First Estate was the social class in France made up of the church officials (clergy), who owned 10% of the land in France and were exempt from taxes.
• Second Estate was the nobility of France, making up 2% of the population and paying no taxes.
• Third Estates was the lowest class of people in France, made up of mostly peasant farmers, who paid the majority of taxes despite being the poorest.
• Reign of Terror was a climactic period of state-sanctioned violence during the French Revolution, which saw the public executions and mass killings of thousands of counter-revolutionary 'suspects' between September 1793 and July 1794.
• King Louis XVI was the last King of France before the Revolution, married to Marie Antoinette, and was executed by guillotine in 1793.
• Bourgeoisie was the middle class in France.
• Storming the Bastille saw 800 Parisians gather in protest around the bastille, leading to a battle after the commander refused to open the gate and fired into the crowd, marking the start of the French Revolution.
• Tennis court oath saw representatives of the non-clergy and non-nobles of France swear they would not disperse until a constitution has established for France.
• Maximilien Robespierre was a French lawyer who became best known for being the architect of the Reign of Terror and a leading member of the committee of public safety.
• Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the most successful military dictators in the French Revolution, sponsoring the Napoleonic code, and his main goal was to control the rest of Europe and to reset French power in the New World.
• National Assembly was a group where each of the three Estates had representatives that voted to end special privileges given to the 1st and 2nd Estates and be more equal.
• Drafting a new constitution was a set of fundamental rules that determine how a country or state is run.
• Nationalism was an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent.
• Committee of Public Safety was created by the National Convention in 1793 with the intent to defend the nation against foreign and domestic enemies, as well as to oversee the new functions of the executive government.
• Marie Antoinette was the last queen of France before the French Revolution.
• 1789-1799 was the time of the French Revolution.
• Guerilla warfare is the act of fighting carried on through hit-and-run raids.
• The Directory was a five-man directory and a two-house legislature elected by male citizens of property.
• Social reforms as a result of the French Revolution included changes in norms by replacing religious schools with state schools and organized systems to help the poor, old soldiers, and war widows.
• Quadruple alliance was a pledge by Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain to act together to maintain the balance of power and to suppress revolutionary uprisings.
• National Assembly Acts were changes made by the National Assembly.
• Europe’s reaction to the French Revolution included increased border patrol, expecting lots of violence.
• During the French Revolution, the right to vote was expanded to more of the population.
• The Jacobins were an extremist group during the French Revolution, following Robespierre.
• Versailles was a palace built by Louis XIV, the women of France marched in there to go against Marie Antoinette.
• Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was the declaration created by the National Assembly.
• Napoleonic code made the authority of men over their families stronger, deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of illegitimate children.
• Olympes de Gouges was a woman during the French Revolution who fought for Women’s rights and wrote her own declaration called the Declaration of Rights of Women.
• King Louis XIV was an absolute monarch who centralized the government and ruled from 1643-1715.
• The Girondins were a more moderate group of the French Revolution.
• The Directory was overthrown by Napoleon.
• Consulate was the form of government that Napoleon used to replace the Directory.
• Congress of Vienna was a series of meetings created for a needed balance of powers in Europe after Napoleon ruined much of it.
• Blockade is the act of shutting off ports to keep people or supplies from moving in or out.
• The Convention was a new legislature (lawmaking) body of the French Republic in 1792.
• First Republic was formed in 1792 with the purpose of drafting a new constitution for France.
• During the French Revolution, the power of the Catholic Church was lost, but after the revolution, power was gained back but in a weaker form than before.
• Emigres were people who had left their own country to settle in another, typically for political reasons.