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Biology
Inheritance,Variation and Evolution
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Chromosomes
are really
long
molecules of
DNA
DNA
is a
polymer
of
nucleotides
and forms a
double helix
shape
A
gene
is a
code
for a specific
protein
Every organism has a
genome
which is the
entire
set of
genetic material
in an organism
Understanding
the
genome
is important for
inherited disease
cause and
treatments
and
population migrations
DNA
is made up of
nucleotides
that consist of a
base
,
sugar
and
phosphate
A and T and C and G pairings are called
complimentary base pairings
Non-coding
parts of DNA switch genes
on
and
off
mRNA
carries
genetic
code to the
ribosomes
to be translated into a
protein
mRNA
is made by copying
DNA
and acts as a
messenger
between
DNA
and
ribosomes
Proteins
have many functions including
enzymes
,
hormones
and
structural proteins
such as
collogen
Mutations
are
random
changes to the
genetic
code
Mutation chances
are
increased
when exposed to certain types of
radiation
or
substances
Most
mutations
have
little
effect on the
gene
If there is a
mutation
within
non-coding
parts of genes, it can
alter
how genes are
expressed
There are
3
different kinds of mutations:
Insertions
,
Deletions
and
Substitutions
Insertion
is where a
new base
has been inserted into the
genetic code
which changes the way the code is
read
Bases
code in
threes
Deletion
is where one or more
bases
are
removed
from the
genetic
code
Substitution
is where a
base
has been
swapped
out for another
Induced
mutations are caused by
external
factors such as
radiation
or
chemicals
Spontaneous mutations
happen when
errors
occur during
DNA replication
Sexual
Reproduction produces
genetically different
offspring
Each
gamete
in humans contains
23
chromosomes
Asexual
Reproduction produces
genetically identical
cells
In
Asexual
Reproduction there is only
1
parent
Asexual
Reproduction is the
division
of cells by
mitosis
Gametes
are produced by
meiosis
The
cell
produced by a
gamete fusion replicates
itself
Sexual Reproduction
increases
variation
in a population
Selective Breeding
can be used to speed up
natural selection
Asexual
Reproduction only needs
one parent
therefore uses
less energy
, is
faster
and produces more
offspring
, which are all
genetically identical
Some organisms can reproduce both
sexually
and
asexually
Malaria
parasites reproduce
sexually
in the
mosquito
and
asexually
inside the human
host
Strawberry
plants reproduce
asexually
through
runners
Males
have
XY
chromosomes and
females
have
XX
chromosomes
All
eggs
have one
X chromosome
Genetic Diagrams
show possible
gamete
and
allele
combinations
Some
characteristics
are controlled by a
single gene
All
genes
exist in different versions called
alleles
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