canada

• Upper Canada- The Family Compact, strong Anglican Church ties that controlled 1/7 of land. The legislative assembly had 16 people but was often ignored by London and Governors.
• Lower Canada- majority French population and ruled by the Chateau Clique. Britain saw them as unlikely to revolt due to financial autonomy unlike the US but tensions grew over the prospect of Canadian unity.
• Causes of the Upper Canadian revolt (Reformers)- Robert Baldwin had called for responsible self-government. William Lyon Mackenzie also supported this but became more radical when looking for America and their calls for independence.
• Causes of the Upper Canadian revolt (emigration)- Irish immigrants were tarnished with sterotypes of drunkeness and feckless behaviour. Also, emigrants were supported financially through supplies and shelters, programmes which weren't agreed to by the legislative assembly and created more hate in the 1837 financial crash.
• Causes of the Upper Canadian revolt (governors)- Governor Colborne ignored the wishes of the assembly and allocated 44 Anglican parishes income, leading to his dismissal. Governor Head forced moderates out of the legislative assembly, leading to the 1836 election.
• Causes of the Upper Canadian revolt (1836 election)- Governor Head won and removed the ability of elections to be called after the death of the monarch as had just happened in London, removing accountability. Disallowed legislative members to be in the executive, limiting reformer power.
• Events of the Upper Canadian revolt- 1000 men led by Mackenzie gathered at Montgomery's Tavern and exchanged shots with loyalists, causing most of the reformers to flee. Mackenzie than sailed to Navy Island where he declared a provisional state of 300 acres. He later fled due to bombing by the US but was captured and sentenced to 18 months in prison.
• Results of the Upper Canadian revolt- hundreds of rebels fled to America and the British recognised the effect of the Family Compact in causing the revolt, considering reforms (later the Durham report).
• Causes of the Lower Canadian revolt (Papineau)- The leader of the Patriot party and opposed the British on the terms of his French-Canadian nationality. He wanted to adopt the British Parliamentary system and published the 92 Resolutions that called for elective assemblies and constitutional change.
• Causes of the Lower Canadian revolt (economy)- The economy suffered in the 1830s and the rise in immigration and cholera led to increased tensions in the province. The Patriot party under Papineau gained support in these times.
• Causes of the Lower Canadian revolt (The Gosford Mission)- Lord Gosford was sent to resolve tensions but instead ignored calls for reform, rejected the 92 resolutions and closed banks, banned public meetings and protests.
• Events of the Lower Canadian revolt- The paramilitary wing of the patriot party meet in Montreal and street fighting breaks out, leading to income of the British cavalry. Different battles occur until Gosford gains control through burning houses of known patriots. Patriots are either caught or flee to the USA.
• Results of the Lower Canadian revolt- 500 patriots were jailed and the constitution was suspended so Gosford could run the province with his appointed members. It showed the British that the French domination needed to be removed to secure peace.
• Durham in Canada- replaced the Lower Canada council with his own staff and negotiated with the US to indtall border patrol to stop Canadian rebels trying to come back in for another revolt. He also made the unpopular decision to send the worst political prisoners to Bermuda.
• Recommendations of the Durham Report- the unification of Lower and Upper Canada, responsible self-government based on the Westminster model and freedoms of French-Canadians over land tenure should stop to enable economic growth.
• Results of the Durham report- Canada was unified with self government and the model used was later granted to Australia and New Zealand too (notably only white colonies ).