respiratory

• The oropharynx joins the oral cavity & contains the palatine & lingual tonsils.
• The laryngopharynx opens into the larynx and the esophagus
• The epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing
• The vestibular folds can prevent air, food & liquids from passing into the larynx
• The vocal folds (true vocal cords) vibrate & produce sounds when air passes through the larynx.
• The trachea connects the larynx to the main bronchi.
• The main bronchi extend from the trachea to each lung.
• The main bronchi form the lobar bronchi, which go to each lobe of the lungs.
• The segmental bronchi branch many times to form the bronchioles.
• The lobar bronchi form the segmental bronchi, which extend to each bronchopulmonary segment of the lungs
• The bronchioles branch to form the terminal bronchioles, which give rise to the respiratory bronchioles, from which alveolar ducts branch.
• Alveoli are air sacs connected to the alveolar ducts & respiratory bronchioles
• Cartilage helps hold the tube system open
• The plural membranes surround the lungs and provide protection against friction.
• Passive expiration during quiet breathing occurs when the muscles of inspiration relax.
• Active expiration during labored breathing occurs when the diaphragm relaxes & the internal intercostal & abdominal muscles depress the rib cage to forcefully decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity.
• During inspiration, air flows into the alveoli because atmospheric pressure is greater than the alveolar pressure.
• During expiration, air flows out of the alveoli because alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
• There are 4 measurements of respiratory volume: Tidal, Inspiratory reserve, Expiratory reserve, & Residual
• Respiratory capacities are the sum of 2 or more respiratory volumes; they include : Vital Capacity & Total Lung Capacity.
• Lung Volumes : the 4 separate components of total lung capacity
• Tidal Volume (TV) = N(500 ml) amt. of air that is inhaled & exhaled in a normal quiet breathing cycle.
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = (3100 ml) maximum amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a tidal inspiration.
• Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = (1200 ml) maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a tidal expiration.
• Gas exchange between air and blood occurs in the respiratory membrane.
• In tissue capillaries, CO2 combines with water inside the RBCs to form carbonic acid that dissociates to form HCO3- & H+.
• CO2 is the major chemical regulator of breathing
• Croup – acute respiratory syndrome in children & infants; characterized by obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, & stridor.
• Epistaxis – nosebleed. (fr. greek meaning to let fall, drop by drop) due to traumatic or spontaneous rupture of blood vessels in the mucous membrane of the nose.
• Carina - highly sensitive cartilage structure located at the branching point at the inferior end of the trachea
• cricoid cartilage ring of cartilage that support for vocal cord and cartilages
• trachea is also known as windpipe it carries air from below larynx into thoracic cavity
• epiglottis is small flexible elastic cartilage covered with taste buds it open and close to allow air only to enter
• base is wide inferior border of lung that sits on diaphragm inferiorly
• air enter nasal cavity through nares
• apex is the 1st rib the superior thoracic aperture
• oropharynx is the region of throat from soft palate to epiglottis
• nasopharynx is the region of throat from posterior nasal cavity down to soft palate
• larynghopharynx is the region of throat that connect oropharynx to the opening of both larynx and esophagus
• nasal conchae is 3 bone mucous covered shelves protrude from lateral wall of nasal cavity