2.2

• What range of theories should be included in individualistic theories of criminality?

  • Bandura
  • Freud
  • Eysenck
• Who conducted experiments related to social learning theory?

  Albert Bandura
• What does Bandura's social learning theory suggest about learning behaviors?

  People learn by watching the behavior of others
• What happens when children observe adults gaining pleasure from an activity?

  They are likely to repeat that behavior
• How did Bandura demonstrate his theory using the bobo doll experiment?

  Children imitated aggressive behaviors towards the doll
• What are the key components that produce violence and aggression according to Bandura?

  • An arousal event (provocation)
  • Learned aggressive skills
  • Expected success and rewards
  • Pro-violence values
• What is observational learning in the context of criminal behavior?

  Learning behaviors by watching others
• What was the outcome of Bandura's bobo doll experiment regarding children's behavior?

  Children exposed to aggression imitated it
• What did the judge in the James Bulger case suggest about violent media?

  It may explain the violent behavior
• What did Osborn and West's research find about criminality in families?

  Criminality is concentrated in a few families
• What percentage of sons with criminal fathers had a conviction by age 18?

  40%
• What does Sutherland's differential association theory suggest?

  People learn criminal behavior from associations
• What are the implications of differential associations in criminal behavior?

  • Learning values and techniques from peers
  • More favorable attitudes towards crime lead to acceptance
  • High reoffending rates due to learned behaviors in prison
• How does observational learning relate to media influence on behavior?

  Media can model behaviors that are imitated
• What is the term for learning behaviors by observing others?

  Observational learning
• What role does the media play in shaping attitudes towards crime?

  It can influence perceptions of criminal behavior
• What are the key elements of Bandura's social learning theory?

  • Learning through observation
  • Imitation of behaviors based on consequences
  • Influence of peers and family
  • Role of media in behavior modeling
• What is the key idea of Psychodynamic Theory?

  Crime results from unresolved childhood conflict
• What does the Id represent in Freud's structure of personality?

  Instincts and desires like sex and aggression
• What is the role of the Ego in personality structure?

  Balances Id and Superego using reality principle
• What does the Superego represent?

  Moral conscience influenced by parents and society
• How does a weak superego relate to criminal behavior?

  It may lead to selfish, impulsive actions
• What can an over-harsh superego cause?

  Guilt leading to criminal acts as self-punishment
• What forms a deviant superego?

  Internalizing immoral values from criminal role models
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Psychodynamic Theory?

  Strengths:

  • Links childhood experiences to adult behavior
  • Recognizes internal conflict and unconscious motivation

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Lacks scientific evidence (unfalsifiable)
  • Based on case studies and subjective interpretation
  • Outdated for modern psychology
• What is the key idea of Eysenck’s Personality Theory?

  Some people are born with traits that predispose crime
• What are the three dimensions of personality in Eysenck's theory?

  Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism
• What characterizes a criminal personality according to Eysenck?

  High levels of Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism
• How are Eysenck's personality traits linked to crime?

  They are biologically based and linked to the nervous system
• What is a weakness of Eysenck's Personality Theory?

  Self-report methods can lead to biased answers
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Eysenck’s Personality Theory?

  Strengths:

  • Uses empirical data from questionnaires
  • Links biology and psychology

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Self-report methods yield biased answers
  • Personality may change over time
  • Doesn’t explain situational influences on crime
• What is the key idea of Behaviourism in learning theories?

  Criminal behavior is learned through reinforcement and punishment
• What is positive reinforcement in the context of criminal behavior?

  Reward for criminal acts, like money from theft
• What is negative reinforcement in criminal behavior?

  Crime removes discomfort, like stealing to stop hunger
• How does punishment affect criminal behavior?

  It reduces the likelihood of repeating behavior
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Behaviourism in learning theories?

  Strengths:

  • Explains how crime becomes habitual
  • Supported by experiments with animals and humans

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Ignores internal thoughts or emotions
  • Assumes people are passive learners
  • Cannot explain spontaneous or first-time crimes
• What is the key idea of Social Learning Theory?

  People learn criminal behavior by observing and imitating role models
• What is modeling in Social Learning Theory?

  Imitating the behavior of others
• What is vicarious reinforcement?

  Seeing others rewarded for crime makes it attractive
• What are the mediational processes in Social Learning Theory?

  Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation