Respiration

• Respiration involves the conversion of products that contain more energy than reactants into products that contain less energy than reactants.
• ATP is the universal energy currency of all cells and is needed for cell division by mitosis, muscle contraction and cilia beating as well as flagella, active transport and maintaining the body temperature.
• ATP is small, water soluble and easily transported around the cell.
• ATP is easily hydrolysed to release energy.
• ATP serves as a short term store of energy.
• ATP is an immediate energy donor in all cells as the bond between the phosphate group is unstable and easily broken.
• A relatively large amount of energy is released when ATP is hydrolysed (30.5 Kj / mol).
• AMP and ADP are recycled into ATP to ensure a constant supply of ATP.
• The structure of ATP involves unstable bonds, making it the universal energy currency of all cells.
• Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
• Reduced NAD and FAD, produced from the link reaction and Kreb's cycle, are oxidised in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
• The electron transport chain is responsible for creating the proton gradient that is put to use in making ATP.
• The oxidation of reduced NAD and FAD releases a hydrogen atom.
• These electrons pass along carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane to reach the cytochrome oxidase complex.
• The hydrogen from Coenzymes is split into a hydrogen ion and electrons.
• The reaction of oxygen reducing to water is catalysed by cytochrome oxidase, which is part of one of the protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
• The electron transport chain consists of large protein complexes and other molecules that are all components of the membrane.
• The sequence of transport of electrons from one carrier to the next is called the electron transport chain.
• The protons then diffuse back by facilitated diffusion into the matrix through ATP synthase, ATP is produced from ADP and Pi.
• The energy released from electron transfer is used to pump protons into the inter membrane space to create a proton gradient across the cristae.
• Oxygen, protons, electrons together form molecules of water (oxygen is reduced to water).
• Animals and bacteria perform lactate fermentation.
• Pyruvate is a ketoacid.
• The Kreb’s cycle is a process that involves the conversion of pyruvate into CO2, with the production of 2 reduced NAD and 2 reduced FAD.
• Lactate fermentation is a process that involves the conversion of pyruvate into lactate, with the production of 2 NADH.
• Glucose, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA are the substrates in glycolysis.
• Pyruvate cannot enter the mitochondria, so it remains in the cytoplasm.
• Protein consists of amino acids.
• Ketoacids are the carbohydrate part of proteins.
• Acetyl CoA is a ketoacid.
• Deamination is a process that involves the removal of an amino group.
• Pyruvate is produced in the process of deamination.
• The regeneration of NAD+ is achieved by pyruvate molecules from glycolysis, which accept hydrogen from reduced NAD in a process called fermentation.
• Glucose is used in the process of deamination.
• Glycolysis is a process that involves the conversion of glucose into pyruvate, with the production of 2 NADH.
• The build up of protein, triglycerides and polysaccharides requires energy, as does DNA replication, glucose breakdown, and energy release.
• ATP is generated/lost as heat energy to maintain body temperature.
• The synthesis of ATP involves ADP and Pi, and is exothermic, condensation, and endothermic.
• Rice has aerenchyma tissue, a type of dead tissue with air spaces extending from leaf to shoot down to the root, supplying the shoot and root with oxygen.
• Carbon dioxide is produced during the conversion of lactate or lactic acid into pyruvate, which lowers pH and is detected by pH receptors to stimulate the increase in breathing rate.