(1) EU Single Market Trade Law

• What are the four freedoms of the EU Single Market?

  • Free Movement of Goods
  • Free Movement of Persons
  • Free Movement of Services
  • Free Movement of Capital
• What is the purpose of competition law in the EU?

  To eliminate anti-competitive conduct in business
• What are the types of trade barriers?

  • Tariff barriers (customs duties)
  • Non-tariff barriers (bans, quotas, regulations)
• What is the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

  To liberalize trade and reduce barriers
• What is the difference between a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and a Customs Union (CU)?

  FTA applies only to goods produced within the area
• What must Member States do in a Customs Union?

  • Abolish internal customs duties
  • Agree on a common external tariff
  • Agree to a common trade policy
• What is the significance of the EU Single Market for consumers?

  Provides a level playing field and uniformity
• How does the EU support developing countries?

  Most open market to developing countries
• What is the GDP per head of the EU's population?

  €25,000
• What is the EU's position in world trade?

  Largest economy and trading block
• What are the two major reasons for adopting the Euro?

  Enhance Europe’s role and unify the market
• What is the Area of Freedom, Security & Justice in the EU?

  Free movement of workers and family members
• What are the top ten priorities for the EU?

  1. Investment plan for jobs and growth
  2. Connected digital single market
  3. Resilient energy union
  4. Deeper internal market
  5. Fair economic and monetary union
  6. Balanced free trade agreement with the USA
  7. Area of justice and fundamental rights
  8. New migration policy
  9. Stronger global actor
  10. Democratic change in the EU
• What are the primary sources of EU law?

  TFEU Articles 30, 34, 36, 206, 207, 45, 49, 56, 67-89
• What is the difference between EU Regulations and Directives?

  Regulations are immediately applicable; Directives require implementation
• What is the principle of conferral in EU powers?

  EU action only permitted if conferred by treaties
• What are the types of competences in EU law?

  Exclusive, Shared, and Complementary Competences
• What is the role of the Commission in the EU law-making process?

  Proposes formal legislation based on consultations
• What is the significance of Article 267 TFEU?

  It allows for preliminary rulings by the Court of Justice
• What are infringement proceedings in EU law?

  Legal actions against member states for non-compliance
• What is the concept of direct effect in EU law?

  EU law can be enforced directly in national courts
• What is the purpose of alternative dispute resolution in EU law?

  To resolve disputes without going to court
• What are tariff barriers in trade?

  Customs duties on imported goods
• What is protectionism in trade?

  Protecting domestic businesses from foreign competition
• What are non-tariff barriers?

  Restrictions other than tariffs on trade
• What are quantitative restrictions in trade?

  Bans and quotas on imported goods
• What are measures equivalent to quantitative restrictions?

  Non-tariff barriers like labeling and safety standards
• What is the purpose of protectionism in trade?

  To protect local employment from foreign competition
• What are non-tariff barriers?

  Trade restrictions not involving tariffs
• What are quantitative restrictions in trade?

  Numerical limits on imported goods
• What is the aim of measures equivalent to quantitative restrictions?

  To impose standards that limit imports
• What is the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

  To liberalize trade among member states
• How many member states does the WTO have?

  164 member states
• What principle must customs duties follow according to WTO rules?

  Must be authorized and registered with WTO
• What is the Most Favoured Nation principle?

  Equal treatment for all WTO members
• What is a customs union?

  A group with a common external tariff
• How does a customs union differ from a free trade area?

  CU has a common external tariff; FTA does not
• What is the significance of the EU Common External Tariffs (CET)?

  They must be used by EU27 members
• What happens if State A is outside the WTO without trade deals?

  It faces barriers to foreign market access
• What are the implications for State A being a WTO member without trade deals?

  It can trade but faces high barriers