Bio FInal

• Frederick Griffith First to discover the transforming principle
• Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarthy treated the extract from heat killed staphylococcus with protease, RNase, or DNase to demonstrate that the transforming principle was in fact DNA
• Avery, Macleod, and McCarty experiment demonstrated that DNA was the transforming principle. 


  When heat killed extracts from virulent Staphylococcus were treated with DNase transformation no longer occurred.
• Purine

  Adenine and Guanine
• What type of bond creates the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA

  3' to 5' phosphodiester bond
• monomeric form of a DNA nucleotide

  has a triphosphate and hydroxyl group on the left and a hydrogen group on the right
• B form

  A right handed helix with 3.4 aim strums between base pairs
• Dna wraps around a protein

  histones
• dna + histones= chromatin
• H2A, H2B, H3, H4 two of each equal one histone
• Which histone protein is not present on a histone octamer

  H4, H3, H2B, H2A, H1

  H1 prevents the sliding of histones in between attached to linker DNA
• DNA that is actively being transcribed will be present in which form

  euchromatin
• Which will promote the heterochromatin form of dna and happens to CpG islands

  DNA Methylation
• DNA Acetylation

  Acetyl group added to tails

  turns heterochromatin into euchromatin
• Prokaryotic Genomes?

  -circular dna

  -lack telomeres

  -extrachromosomal dna

  -dna slightly unwound lead to supercoiling

  -larger proportion of DNA is coding

  -extrachromosomal dna present
• Microsatellites?

  short tandem repeats of 2-5
• Satellite DNA?

  short sequences of DNA has 150 to 400 bp
• What technique can be used to determine the relative content of GC base pairs?

  melting temperature- gc bonds have three bonds between them rather than just two so higher temps are needed to break their bond.
• Polymerase Chain Reaction?


  What technique can be used to test for the presence of a very specific DNA sequence within a mixed sample using primers that recognize a segment of the sequence of interest
• gel electrophoresis?

  Which techniques relies on the negative charge of the DNA Backbone
• Which DNA polymerase strand is responsible for lagging strand synthesis in bacteria?

  polymerase III
• Which dna polymerase is responsible for leading strand synthesis in bacteria?

  Polymerase epsilon
• Which enzyme acts as an endonuclease and a ligase, breaking an internal phosphodiester bond of DNA backbone, looping a segment of DNA through the broken backbones, then reforming the same bond?

  Toposoimerase
• which dna polymerase is used during short patch base excision repair in eukaryotes?

  DNA polymerase beta
• which dna repair mechanisms is most likely to introduce mutations?

  nonhomologous end joining
• which class of mutagens causes a range of dna damage including backbone breaks due to its production of free radicals?

  Ionizing Radiation
• Nitric oxide can cause a conversion of cytosine and uracil. which class of mutagens does nitric oxide belong?

  deaminating agents
• BCR/ABL is a fusion gene created when segments of chromosome 9 and 22 are exchanged. What type of chromosomal abnormality does this describe?

  Translocation
• Dna polymerase powers?

  dna synthesis
• extrachromosomal dna in an animal cell is?

  mitochondria
• remoes primers during dna replication?

  polymerase
• what enzymatic activity must DNA polymerase have in order for it to be able to proofread?

  An enzyme that allows it to realize a base pair is not correct and remove and replace the nucleotide
• how does MutS discriminate between template DNA and newly synthesized DNA in prokaryotic cells when initiating mismatch repair?

  old dna will have a methyl group attached to it while the new dna will not have gotten their methyl group yet
• Nucleotide excision repair?

  Removes damaged bases such as thymine thymine dimers that do cause major distortions in the shape of the DNA helix
• tautomeric shift occurs within base to change hydrogen bonding ability can cause what kind of mutation?


  transition mutation
• What type of mutation can lead to a frameshift mutation?

  insertion or deletion of base
• What two processes make up gene expression?

  Translation and Transcription
• What sequence of DNA is a gene that encodes a transacting factor?

  Tran regulatory element
• Cis regulatory element?

  sequence of dna where trans acting factor binds to the DNA in order to regulate transcription
• 35 bases upstream of a transcription start site in prokaryotes?

  TTGAGA found within a genome