6.MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Clinical Application: Compartment Syndrome is a condition where increased pressure in a muscle compartment causes pain and muscle weakness.
• Clinical Application: Heavy Lifting and Back Injuries are injuries caused by lifting heavy objects.
• Clinical Application: Hernias are conditions where a part of an internal organ protrudes through a hole in the muscle or connective tissue.
• Clinical Application: Rotator Cuff Injury is a condition where the tendon that attaches the muscles to the head of the humerus is torn or damaged.
• Clinical Application: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a condition where the median nerve is compressed as it passes through the carpal tunnel.
• Clinical Application: Shinsplints are conditions where the muscles in the shin area are chronically painful and tight.
• Clinical Application: Calcaneal Tendon Rupture is a condition where the tendon that attaches the muscles to the heel bone is torn or damaged.
• Clinical Application: Plantar Fasciitis is a condition where the plantar fascia, a band of connective tissue that supports the arch of the foot, is torn or damaged.
• Clinical Application:Common Athletic Injuries are injuries that commonly occur in athletes.
• Structural and Functional Organization of Muscles involves understanding the various functions of muscular tissue, the connective tissue components of a muscle and their relationship to the internal organization of a muscle and compartmentalization of muscle groups.
• Muscles of the Head and Neck include the muscles of facial expression, chewing and swallowing, and acting on the head and neck.
• Muscles of the Trunk include the muscles of respiration, the abdominal wall, the back, the pelvic floor, and acting on the shoulder and upper limb.
• The Latin names of muscles aid in visualizing and remembering them.
• The term muscle comes from the Latin word for mouse, and was coined by one of the ancient Greek authorities who thought that skeletal muscles rippling under the skin resembled scurrying mice.
• The types of muscle–bone attachments are called origins and insertions, but their shortcoming is that they are not origins and insertions.
• There are three kinds of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
• The term muscular system refers to the skeletal muscles, not the other two types of muscle.
• There are about 600 muscles in the human muscular system, but fortunately you aren’t expected to learn 600 names! Many have repetitious names, such as the right and left muscles of the same name and muscle series between ribs and vertebrae.
• The three types of muscle serve the following functions: movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production (thermogenesis), glycemic control, and speech.
• Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles are distinguished.
• The nerve and blood supply to skeletal muscles is described in general terms.
• Muscle cells exert force on other tissues and organs, either to produce desirable movements or to prevent undesirable ones.
• The study of skeletal muscles is called myology.
• Muscles work in groups to aid, oppose, and moderate each other’s actions.
• Muscle fascicles are related to the shapes and relative strengths of muscles.
• All muscle is specialized for one fundamental purpose: to convert the chemical energy of ATP into the mechanical energy of motion.
• The functions of muscles collectively include movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production (thermogenesis), glycemic control, and speech.
• A skeletal muscle consists of more than muscular tissue, it also includes connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels.
• The transverse abdominal muscle compresses abdominal contents and does not contribute to movements of the vertebral column.
• The rectus abdominis muscle flexes the waist, stabilizes the pelvic region during walking, and compresses abdominal viscera.
• The internal oblique muscle unilaterally causes ipsilateral rotation of the waist.
• The erector spinae muscle runs vertically for the entire length of the back and is divided into three parallel columns: iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis.
• The brachialis and biceps are the prime movers of elbow flexion.
• The triceps brachii extends the elbow.
• The prime mover of pronation is the pronator quadratus near the wrist.
• Pronation and supination are important forearm movements for various purposes.
• The anconeus is a weak synergist of elbow extension on the posterior side of the elbow.
• Supination is usually achieved by the supinator of the upper forearm.
• Rotator cuff injuries are common among athletes and can cause shoulder instability and dislocation.
• Tendon sheaths enclose the flexor tendons in the carpal tunnel.