Chemistry 🧪🧪

• What does this section focus on regarding substances?

  Classification as acids and alkalis
• What do students learn about salts in this section?

  What a salt is and its colors
• What should students be able to describe about indicator papers?

  Effects of acidic, alkaline, and neutral solutions
• What is the purpose of a pH meter?

  To give pH data to at least one decimal place
• How can solutions be classified using pH data?

  By interpreting universal indicator color or pH
• What are the classifications of solutions based on pH?

  • pH 0-2: strong acid
  • pH 3-6: weak acid
  • pH 7: neutral
  • pH 8-11: weak alkali
  • pH 12-14: strong alkali
• How does the concentration of hydrogen ions affect pH?

  Higher concentration lowers the pH
• What is the ionization behavior of strong acids and strong alkalis in water?

  They are completely ionized in water
• How do weak acids and weak alkalis behave in water?

  They are partially ionized in water
• How are dilute and concentrated solutions defined?

  By the amount of substances in solution
• What is neutralization?

  Reaction between hydrogen and hydroxide ions
• What type of reaction is neutralization?

  Exothermic, heat is given out
• What is a base?

  A metal oxide or hydroxide that neutralizes acid
• What is an alkali?

  A soluble base
• What are the general reactions of acids with other substances?

  • Acids with metals
  • Acids with bases
  • Acids with carbonates
  • Acids with hydrogencarbonates
• How do you test for hydrogen gas?

  Apply a lighted splint, popping sound results
• How do you test for carbon dioxide?

  Limewater turns milky if positive
• What is a salt?

  A compound formed from acid and metal ions
• What colors do most Group 1, Group 2, aluminum, and zinc salts have?

  White and colorless in solution
• What colors do transition metal salts generally have?

  They are generally colored
• What is important regarding safety in the laboratory?

  Assess potential risks and hazards
• What does a pure substance mean in a scientific context?

  A single element or compound only
• How do pure elements and compounds behave at specific temperatures?

  They melt and boil at specific temperatures
• What is a formulation?

  A mixture designed as a useful product
• What terms are associated with solutions?

  Soluble, insoluble, solute, solvent, solution
• How can data on mixtures be used?

  To judge effective separation methods
• What is used to test for water?

  Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
• How is a flame test conducted?

  Using nichrome wire and hydrochloric acid
• What are the flame colors for lithium ions?

  Crimson
• What are the flame colors for sodium ions?

  Yellow/orange
• What are the flame colors for potassium ions?

  Lilac
• What are the flame colors for calcium ions?

  Brick red
• What are the flame colors for copper(II) ions?

  Blue-green/green-blue
• What are the key concepts in chemical analysis?

  • Definition of pure substances
  • Melting and boiling points
  • Formulations and their properties
  • Terms related to solutions
• How can flame tests be used in chemistry?

  To identify metal ions in compounds