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Psychology Component 2: Observations(non exp.)
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Cards (38)
What is the focus of the study material?
Observational research methods
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What are the two main types of observations mentioned?
Qualitative
and
quantitative
observations
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What are the types of observational methods described?
Naturalistic
or
controlled
Structured
or
unstructured
Participant
or
non-participant
Overt
or
covert
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What is naturalistic observation?
Recording
behavior
in a natural situation
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What is controlled observation?
When some
variables
are controlled by the researcher
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What is structured observation?
Using a
systematic
method to record behavior
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What is unstructured observation?
Recording all
relevant
behavior without a system
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What are the observational sampling techniques mentioned?
Event sampling
Time sampling
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What is event sampling?
Recording
specific
behavior each time it occurs
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What is time sampling?
Observing behavior at
specific
time intervals
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What is a strength of time sampling?
Less likely to be
overwhelmed
by data
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What is a weakness of time sampling?
Behaviors outside
intervals
may be missed
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What is participant observation?
Researcher
takes on the role of a participant
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What is a strength of participant observation?
Less chance of
demand characteristics
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What is a weakness of participant observation?
Observer bias
may affect findings
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What is non-participant observation?
Researcher
observes
without interfering
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What is a strength of non-participant observation?
Less chance of
observer bias
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What is a weakness of non-participant observation?
It can be
unethical
if participants are unaware
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What is overt observation?
Participants
know they are being observed
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What is covert observation?
Participants
are unaware they are being observed
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What are the general evaluations of observations?
High
ecological validity
in natural settings
More accurate than self-reports
Low ecological validity in lab settings
Subject to
observer bias
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What is a way to deal with observer bias?
Use
more
than
one
observer
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What is inter-rater reliability?
Agreement between two or more
observers
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What is a weakness of observations in terms of reliability?
They are difficult to
replicate
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of structured observation?
Strengths:
Systematic recording
of behavior
Precise and measurable behaviors
Weaknesses:
May miss
spontaneous behaviors
Limited
flexibility
in observation
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of unstructured observation?
Strengths:
Captures a wide range of
behaviors
Flexibility in recording
Weaknesses:
Difficult to analyze data
systematically
Potential for
observer bias
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of covert observation?
Strengths:
Participants
act naturally
Reduces demand characteristics
Weaknesses:
Ethical concerns regarding
consent
Observer may misinterpret behavior
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of overt observation?
Strengths:
Ethical as
participants
are informed
Easier to record
behavior
Weaknesses:
Participants may alter behavior
Higher chance of
demand characteristics
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of participant observation?
Strengths:
Insight into participant behavior
Builds rapport with participants
Weaknesses:
Observer bias
may skew results
Difficult to maintain
objectivity
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of non-participant observation?
Strengths:
Objective view of
behavior
Less chance of bias
Weaknesses:
Limited understanding of participant feelings
Ethical concerns if participants are unaware
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of time sampling?
Strengths:
Reduces overwhelm for the
observer
Shows behavior spread over time
Weaknesses:
Misses
behaviors
outside intervals
Complicated tracking of time
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of event sampling?
Strengths:
Captures all occurrences of behavior
Simpler than
time sampling
Weaknesses:
Can be overwhelming for the
observer
Difficult to pinpoint timing of behaviors
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What are the ethical considerations in covert observation?
Lack of
informed consent
Potential for distress to
participants
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What are the ethical considerations in overt observation?
Participants
must be informed
Need to ensure no
harm
comes to participants
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What are the implications of observer bias?
Affects
validity
of
findings
May lead to misinterpretation of
behavior
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What are the implications of demand characteristics?
Participants
may alter
behavior
Affects the
authenticity
of the data
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What are the implications of ecological validity?
Affects
generalizability
of
findings
Important for real-world
applicability
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What are the implications of reliability in observations?
Consistency
of results is crucial
Affects the
credibility
of the research
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