Organisation

• The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released into small intestine.
• Bile emulsifies lipids
• The pancreas secretes amylase Which breaks down starch into glucose in small intestine.
• Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream by the villi in the small intestine.
• Water is absorbed into the bloodstream in the large intestine.
• Amylase breaks down starch into glucose.
• Proteases break down proteins into amino acids.
• Lipases break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
• Iodine turns black when starch is present. If starch isn't present, it remains orange.
• Benedict's solution turns from blue to orange in the presence of sugars.
• Biuret's reagent turns from blue to purple in the presence of protein.
• Lipids turn cold ethanol cloudy.
• The vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
• The pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
• The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
• The left side of the heart has thicker walls, due to higher pressure needed to pump blood to the body.
• A group of cells near the right atrium create an electrical pulse that causes the heart to contract. It controls heart rate. Pacemakers do the same job.
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood to the body (except the pulmonary artery).
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart (except the pulmonary vein).
• Arteries have thick walls and thin lumen.
• Veins have thin walls and wide lumen and valves.
• Arteries split into capillaries.
• Coronary heart disease happens when the coronary artery supplying blood to the heart becomes blocked
• Stents can be inserted to open up vessels blocked by fat.
• Statins are drugs that reduce fatty deposits.
• The xylem carries water and dissolved mineral ions upwards.
• The meristem is where stem cells are produced.
• The phloem transports sugars and other nutrients across the plant where needed. This is called translocation.
• The rate of translocation can be increased by temperature, decrease in humidity and increase in air movement.
• The first layer of a leaf is the waxy cuticle. It is waterproof to stop water loss.
• The upper epidermis is the second layer of the leave and is transparent to let light through.
• The third layer of a leaf is the palisade mesophyll layer.
• Most photosynthesis takes place in the palisade mesophyll layer.
• The spongy mesophyll layer has gaps to facilitate gas exchange.
• In the leaf there is a vascular bundle that includes the xylem and phloem.
• The lower epidermis is the bottom layer of the leaf.
• The lower epidermis has gaps called stomata to allow gases in and out.
• The fluid at the front of the eye is called the aqueous humour
• Bile from the gall bladder (made in the liver) neutralises acid from the stomach and emulsifies fats.
• Large intestines absorb excess water