Infection and Response

• Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens.
• Carcinogens are anything that can increase the risk of cancer.
• Benign cancers do not spread
• Malignant cancers spread throughout the body.
• Nitrates are needed for protein synthesis.
• Nitrate deficiency means stunted growth.
• Chlorosis is the scientific term for the yellowing of leaves.
• Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll.
• Viruses reproduce by inserting genes into cells.
• Protists are single celled pathogens.
• Rose black spot is a fungus that causes leaves to fall off.
• Tobacco mosaic virus disclosures leaves and inhibits chlorophyll production, causing lack of photosynthesis and stunted growth.
• Lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins made by pathogens, and antibodies to bind to the antigen of the pathogen.
• Phagocytes are white blood cells that ingest and destroy pathogens.
• Efficacy are how well drugs work.
• Monoclonal antibodies are produced by clones of a cell that produces a desired antibody.
• Lymphocytes combine with tumour cells to make a hybridoma. Hybridoma then multiplies, producing lots of the same antibody.
• Monoclonal antibodies have bad side effects.
• In research, monoclonal antibodies are bound to fluorescent dye to identify molecules in a cell or tissue.
• Digitalis (heart drug) originates from foxgloves.
• How can a plant disease be identified?


  Looking at a gardening manual or website, taking infecting plants to a lab, or using testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies
• Chlorosis is caused by magnesium deficiency
• Stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency
• Magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll
• Measles is a viral disease
• HIV can be controlled with antiretroviral drugs
• Gonorrhoea is bacterial, with thick yellow or green discharge and pain when urinating
• Malaria is a protist
• Stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency
• Chlorosis caused by magnesium deficiency