(natural selection and genetic modification)

• VARIATION: What is variation?

  Differences in offspring.
• VARIATION: What is variation in an offspring a result of?

  Both genetic and environmental factors.
• VARIATION: What is Charles Darwin's theory of evolution?

  Random variation in offspring will result in some being better suited to the environment than others.
• VARIATION: What is this process nicknamed?

  Survival of the fittest.
• VARIATION: Which offsprings are more likely to survive?

  Those with advantageous genes that make them better adapted to their environment.
• VARIATION: What happens to these adapted characteristics?

  They are more pronounced in future generations of said organisms.
• EVOLUTION: What is Lamarck's theory of evolution?

  Mutations/adaptations are a result of environment affecting characteristics inherited by offspring; not random.
• EVOLUTION: What is a species?

  Organisms are considered to be of the same species if they can produce fertile offspring.
• EVOLUTION: What is selective breeding?

  Breeding organisms that have desired characteristics to produce offspring in which they are more pronounced.
• EVOLUTION: What creates anti-biotic resistant bacteria?

  If not all bacteria are killed, the most resistant will reproduce.
• EVOLUTION: What must you do to ensure all bacteria are killed?


  Complete the full course of antibiotics
• GENETIC MODIFICATION: What is genetic modification?

  The insertion of a gene into an organisms genome so it synthesizes a specific protein to achieve a desired characteristic.
• GENETIC MODIFICATION: What are some examples of genetic modification?

  (1)insulin-producing bacteria.

  (2)creating genetically modified crops e.g. golden rice which produces vitamin A.

  (3)disease-resistant crops.
• GENETIC MODIFICATION: What are the steps of genetic modification?

  (1)Desired gene is cut from another organism's DNA using restriction enzymes, leaving it with sticky ends.

  (2)Gene inserted into a vector e.g. bacteria plasmid or virus using ligase enzyme.

  (3)Vector inserts gene into cells of an organism early in development.

  (4)Organism develops with desired characteristics due to every cell synthesizing that specific protein.

  
• FOSSILS: What is a fossil?

  The decayed remains of organisms (or evidence of their existence)
• FOSSILS: What are bone fossils actually made of?

  They are replaced with minerals.
• FOSSILS: What can fossils contain if they are well preserved?

  Soft organic tissue.
• FOSSILS: What other than parts of the actual organism itself can be considered fossils?

  Footprints that have hardened in mud, along with other traces organisms leave behind.
• EVOLUTION EVIDENCE: What are the two human-like fossilised skeletons that "prove" evolution?

  (1)Ardi

  (2)Lucy
• EVOLUTION EVIDENCE: What does Ardi's fossil date from?

  4.4 million years ago.
• EVOLUTION EVIDENCE: What does Lucy's fossil date from?

  3.2 million years ago.
• EVOLUTION EVIDENCE: What do Ardi's bones show?

  She was probably able to walk upright but she had very long arms and long big toes.
• EVOLUTION EVIDENCE: What do Lucy's bones show?

  She walked in an upright position, like a human, but possessed a relatively small ape-like skull, her feet bones show that she had similar feet to modern humans but with much more curved toes.
• EVOLUTION EVIDENCE: What did Richard Leakey find?

  Fossils of early hominids from 1.6 million years ago.
• EVOLUTION EVIDENCE: How have stone tools developed over time?

  They became more advanced like arrowheads.
• EVOLUTION EVIDENCE: How can these stone tools be dated from their environment?

  (1)radiocarbon dating.

  (2)amounts of elements like iron or potassium.
• GENETIC ANALYSIS: What is the three-domain system?

  Seperating all living organisms into:

  (1) Archaea (primitive bacteria)

  (2) Bacteria (true bacteria)

  (3) Eukaryota (including protists, fungi, plants and animals)
• GENETIC ANALYSIS: What is the 5 kingdoms of life?

  (1) Protists

  (2) Animals

  (3) Bacteria

  (4) Fungi

  (5) Plants
• GENETIC ANALYSIS: How has genetic analysis led to the suggestion of three domains rather than five kingdoms classification method?

  Due to the fact species from different kingdoms overlapped genetically which allowed them to sort them into three domains instead.