Brain

• The pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and other physiological processes.
• Gyrus is a fold in the cerebral cortex that is a convex surface.
• Sulcus is a groove or furrow in the brain, usually between two gyri.
• Pituitary gland location
• Third ventricle location
• Pineal gland is a small gland located in the brain that produces melatonin.
• thalamus is the relay station for sensory information from the brain to the spinal cord
• thalamus location: posterior cranial fossa, between the cerebrum and the brainstem

  
• Hypothalamus is involved in regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and emotions.
• Hypothalamus location

  
• what is a brain contusion?
• Brain contusions are bruises on the surface of the brain caused by blunt force trauma.
• Potential cure for traumatic brain injury?

  progesterone
• Progesterone has been shown to reduce inflammation and improve cognitive function following TBI.
• Neurulation is the process of the neural tube forming and the neural tube folding
• Neural plate forms when the ectoderm and endoderm fuse together.
• Neural plate forms the neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord
• Neural plate forms what?


  Neural tube, which becomes brain/spine
• Anencephaly is what?


  A neural tube defect resulting in the absence of major portions of the brain, usually leads to death.
• Spina bifida is a neural tube defect that occurs when the neural tube fails to close properly.
• Spina bifidacystica is a condition where the spinal cord does not form properly
• Spina bifida osculta is when the spinal cord is not completely exposed (neural tube defect)
• Prosencephalon is the forebrain, including the cerebrum and cerebellum.
• Mesencephalon is the midbrain, the part of the brain that is responsible for the control of the autonomic nervous system
• Rhombencephalon is the hindbrain, which includes the medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum.
• The diencephalon gives rise to the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, pineal gland, and optic chiasm.
• The telecenphalon becomes what?

  Cerebrum(cerebral cortex, etc.)
• The Diencephalon becomes what?


  The forebrain.
• The Mesencephalon becomes what?


  The midbrain.
• The metencephalon becomes what?


  Pons and Cerebellum
• The Myelecephalon becomes what?

  The Myelecephalon becomes the medulla Oblongata
• What are brain vesicles?

  Brain vesicles are early structures that form during embryonic development and give rise to different regions of the brain.
• 5 secondary brain vesicles?


  Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon
• When does the primary brain vesicles form?

  During embryonic development.
• By what week does the secondary brain vesicles form?


  Week 5
• By what week does the telecenphalon envelop the diencephalon?

  Week 13 to week 26
• How are surface folds created in the brain?

  When the telecenphalon envelops the diencephalon.
• What are surface folds in the brain?


  Gyrus and they allow the brain to fit in the cranial cavity.
• Are most gyrus and sulcus present by birth?

  Yes.
• Gray matter is made up of neurons and glial cells.