chemistry 12

• catalysts decrease activation energy by providing an alternate pathway without being consumed.
•  if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to reestablish an equilibrium
• temperature increases the sum of kinetic energies of the reactant particles, exceeding the activation energy
• rate of reaction is measured in productive collisions per unit of time
• changing concentration will shift the equilibrium to the opposite side of the change
• changing tempreature will shift the equilibrium to the opposite side of the change
• changing pressure will cause a shift that decreases or increases particles/moles respective to an increase or decrease in pressure
• a negative change in enthalpy is exothermic
• oxidation is loss of electrons
• reduction is gain of electrons
• catalytic converter: an emission control device used to limit the emission of pollutants.

  2CO+2NO → 2CO(2) +N(2)
• change in enthalpy: difference in energy of reactants and products (delta H)
• collision theory states that for reacting particles to successfully react they must attain the activation energy and collide at the correct orientation
• enhanced greenhouse: excess greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere trap IR radiation from the sun reradiated off the earths surface causing global warming
• a primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source
• secondary pollutants are formed by chemical reactions between primary pollutants or other substances in the atmosphere.
• chemical equilibrium describes a state in which the concentration of reactants and products is constant.
• equilibrium constant is defined by the ratio of the forward and reverse reactions at equilibrium
• le Chatelier's principle states that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing conditions, the the position of the equilibrium will shift to counter the change.
• the troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere
• green house gases absorb IR radiation reradiated from the earth, and then radiate that energy in any direction.
• carboxylic acid

  
• amine

  
• primary alcohol

  
• secondary alcohol

  
• tertiary alcohol

  
• aldehyde

  
• ketone

  
• ester

  
• primary alcohols can be oxidised to aldehydes followed by carboxylic acids
• secondary alcohols oxidise to ketones
• carboxylate anion

  
• tollens reagent oxidises aldehydes in basic conditions to carboxylate ions and forms a silver mirror
• acidified potassium dichromate oxidises aldehydes in acidic conditions to the respective carboxylic acid
• Carbohydrates are defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes and polyhydroxy ketones
• Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate unit
• Polysaccharides are formed by condensation polymerisation (water is produced)
• glycosidic Linkages hold PS together
• ring forms of glucose increase molecular stability
• Glucose (C6H12O6)