cell biology

• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Where does DNA exist in cells?

  Within the cell nucleus
• What is a chromosome?

  Structure of DNA that codes characteristics
• What structures within the nucleus contain DNA?

  Chromosomes
• What happens to DNA when a cell is ready to divide?

  DNA copies itself
• What do DNA copies form when the cell is ready to divide?

  Chromosomes
• How many chromosomes do human body cells contain?

  46
• What are the sex chromosomes for a female?

  XX
• How many pairs are human chromosomes arranged into?

  23 pairs
• What are the sex chromosomes for a male?

  XY
• Under what circumstances do cells divide?

  During growth or when damaged
• Where are chromosomes cut out of for arrangement into pairs?

  Nucleus
• What process includes cell growth, DNA synthesis, and mitosis?

  The cell cycle
• What are the stages of the cell cycle (in order)?

  • Cell growth
  • DNA Synthesis (chromosome now double stranded)
  • Temporary cell resting
  • Cytoplasm separates & two cells are formed
  • Further growth occurs and DNA is checked for errors
  • Mitosis
• What happens during DNA synthesis in the cell cycle?

  Chromosome becomes double stranded
• What happens after DNA synthesis during the cell cycle?

  Temporary cell resting period
• What occurs after the temporary cell resting period?

  Cytoplasm separates and two cells form
• What happens to the new cells after they are formed?

  Further growth and DNA error checking
• What is the first step of mitosis?

  Cell begins to divide
• What are the stages of mitosis (in order)?

  • Cell begins to divide
  • DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down
  • Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
  • One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end, and the nucleus divides
  • The cytoplasm & cell membrane divides to form two identical cells
• What happens to DNA in the second stage of mitosis?

  DNA replicates to form 2 copies
• What happens to the nuclear membrane during mitosis?

  It breaks down
• Where do the chromosomes line up in mitosis?

  Across the center of the cell
• What happens to the chromosomes after they line up?

  One set pulled to each end
• What divides when chromosomes are pulled to each end?

  The nucleus divides
• What formula can be used to estimate the length of different stages of the cell cycle?

  Observe cells/total cells * total time
• What divides to form two identical cells in mitosis?

  Cytoplasm and cell membrane
• How do you calculate the length of time in a specific cell cycle phase?

  Observed cells in phase/total cells * total cycle time
• What term describes the period when a cell stops dividing?

  Temporary cell resting period