C7- Organic chemistry

• What type of resource is crude oil?

  Finite resource
• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Remains of ancient biomass, mainly plankton
• What is the definition of a mixture?

  Two or more elements not chemically combined
• How are the chemical properties of substances in a mixture affected?

  They remain unchanged
• What physical method can be used to separate substances in crude oil?

  Distillation
• What are hydrocarbons primarily made of?

  Hydrogen and carbon
• What are most hydrocarbons in crude oil classified as?

  Saturated hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes
• What are the first four alkanes?

  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane
• How does fractional distillation separate hydrocarbons?

  By heating oil to evaporate and condense
• What happens to the oil in the fractionating column?

  It evaporates and condenses at different temperatures
• What is the purpose of the fractionating column?

  To separate hydrocarbons into fractions
• How is crude oil processed in the petrochemical industry?

  To produce fuels and feedstock
• What fuels are produced from crude oil?

  Petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil
• What materials does the petrochemical industry produce?

  Solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents
• Why do carbon compounds form families of similar compounds?

  Due to the ability of carbon atoms
• How do the properties of hydrocarbons depend on their molecular size?

  They influence their use as fuels
• What happens to the viscosity of hydrocarbons as their molecules get shorter?

  They become less viscous
• How does the boiling point of hydrocarbons change with molecular size?

  Shorter molecules have lower boiling points
• What is the relationship between flammability and molecular size in hydrocarbons?

  Shorter molecules are more flammable
• Why are hydrocarbons burned as fuel?

  They produce energy through oxidation
• What is the general reaction for burning hydrocarbons?

  Hydrocarbon -> carbon dioxide + water
• What is the process of cracking hydrocarbons?

  To produce smaller, more useful molecules
• What are the two methods of cracking hydrocarbons?

  Catalytic cracking and steam cracking
• What are the first two alkenes?

  Ethene and propene
• How do alkenes react with bromine water?

  They turn it from orange to colourless
• Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

  Due to the presence of a double bond
• What are alkenes used for in the chemical industry?

  Producing other chemicals like polymers
• Why are products from cracking useful as fuels?

  They have shorter chains, making them flammable
• What must be ensured in the equations for cracking hydrocarbons?

  Same number of carbons and hydrogens on each side
• What happens to the size of molecules during cracking?

  They go from larger to smaller molecules
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  CnH2n
• Why are alkenes considered unsaturated?

  They have at least one carbon-carbon double bond
• What are the first four alkenes?

  Ethene, propene, butene, pentene
• How can unsaturated carbons be represented?

  • Structural formulas
  • Molecular formulas
  • Skeletal formulas
• What functional group do alkenes have?

  C=C
• How do alkenes react with oxygen?

  They undergo combustion reactions
• Why do alkenes burn with smoky flames?

  Due to incomplete combustion producing carbon
• What is produced when alkenes react with hydrogen?

  They form alkanes
• What happens to the double bond in alkenes during addition reactions?

  The double bond becomes a single bond
• What is the formula for ethene?

  C2H4