Photosynthesis

• Animals and humans get their energy from food, which turns to ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
• The end product of Dark Reaction is sugar (glucose), which is in plant form and gives plants food and energy, aiding in the development of seeds.
• Plants get their energy from light, which turns to Glucose.
• Photosynthesis is the process of producing energy of plants, green algae and some bacteria with the aid of sunlight.
• Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food, such as plants, algae, some bacteria, and phytoplankton.
• Heterotrophs are organisms that do not make their own food, such as animals, fungi, most protozoa, and most bacteria.
• The goal of photosynthesis is to transform light energy into chemical energy.
• The raw materials in the process of photosynthesis are sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
• Sunlight is trapped by the green pigment chlorophyll, which is present in chloroplasts.
• Water is absorbed by roots from the soil provided by irrigation or rains.
• Carbon dioxide is obtained by plants through gaseous exchange carried out by stomata.
• The chemical equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 12H2O - > C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2.
• Pigments are the organelle involved in the photosynthetic process, which is the chloroplast that contains the chlorophyll pigment.
• Chlorophyll is green, Xanthophyll is yellow, Carotenoid is orange, Anthocyanin is red.
• Photosynthetic cells contain special pigments that absorb light energy.
• The remaining G3P is then used to make glucose, fatty acids, or glycerol.
• Electrons from the reaction center chlorophyll molecule are transferred to plastoquinone, cytochrome b6f, and plastocyanin.
• In dark reaction, carbon dioxide is attached to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), resulting in a six-carbon molecule that splits into two three-carbon molecules, 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA).
• Oxygen is a waste product/ by-product of dark reaction.
• The splitting of water molecules occurs in the process of photolysis, which involves the oxidation of water and produces free electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen gas.
• Dark reaction, also called carbon-fixing reaction, is a light-independent process because it doesn’t need energy from the sun to happen.
• The Calvin cycle has to run 6 times to produce one molecule of glucose.
• The products of light reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used in dark reaction.
• For every three turns of the cycle, five molecules of G3P are used to reform three molecules of RuBP.
• ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP to form ATP.
• PGA will reduce to two 1,3-biphosphoglycerates with the help of ATP, which will return into ADP molecule, and then will reduce to two Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates (G3P) with the help of NADPH, which will return into NADP+ molecule.
• Electrons from plastocyanin are transferred to photosystem 1, where they are reenergized and passed to ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP reductase, and NADP+.
• Most of the leaves appear green because light consists of various wavelengths, with the red and blue wavelengths being the most useful in photosynthesis.
• Green light is not absorbed but reflected, making the plant appear green.
• The cells in a middle layer of leaf tissue called the mesophyll are the primary site of photosynthesis.
• ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP to form ATP.
• Absorption of photons by the chlorophyll pigments is the first event in the light reaction.
• The absorbed light energy excites electrons to a higher state.
• Photolysis involves the oxidation of water molecules.
• Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast organelle.
• Photolysis produces free electrons and oxygen gas.
• Each mesophyll cell contains organelles called chloroplasts, which are specialized to carry out the reactions of photosynthesis.
• The dark reaction or the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.
• The light reaction occurs in the thylakoid.
• Electrons from plastocyanin are transferred to photosystem 1 and reenergized, then passed to ferredoxin - NADP reductase, where they are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.