Type 2 diabetes

• What is a major risk factor for developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) related to age?

  Age ≥40 years
• Why does the risk of T2DM increase with age?

  Due to insulin resistance and decreased β-cell function
• What is a genetic risk factor for T2DM?

  First-degree relative with T2DM
• What does having a first-degree relative with T2DM indicate?

  Strong genetic component for developing T2DM
• Which ethnic backgrounds are considered high-risk for T2DM?

  African, Arab, Asian, Hispanic, Indigenous, South Asian
• Why are certain ethnic backgrounds at higher risk for T2DM?

  Higher prevalence of insulin resistance & genetic predisposition
• What indicates early metabolic dysfunction related to T2DM?

  History of Prediabetes (IGT, IFG, or A1C 6.0%–6.4%)
• What does a history of Prediabetes suggest about an individual?

  Indicates early metabolic dysfunction
• What is a risk factor for T2DM related to pregnancy?

  History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
• How does a history of GDM affect future diabetes risk?

  Increases lifetime risk of developing T2DM
• What are the four metabolic abnormalities associated with T2DM?

  • Insulin resistance
  • Insulin production
  • Glucose production
  • Alteration in production of hormones