Chemistry bonding

• Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
• Covalent bonds form when two atoms share pairs of electrons.
• Metallic bonds occur between metal atoms, where delocalized electrons move freely throughout the lattice structure.
• Electrostatic forces hold atoms together in ionic bonds.
• Metallic bonds occur between metal atoms, with delocalized electrons held together by electrostatic forces.
• In covalent molecules, there is no overall charge as all charges cancel out.
• Metals have a high melting and boiling point due to strong electrostatic attractions
• Diamond is made by carbon making 4 strong covalent bonds
• Graphite has layers of hexagonal rings that slide over one another easily
• Fullerenes are spherical structures formed from carbon atoms arranged in hexagons and pentagons
• Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical tubes made up of graphene sheets rolled into a tube shape
• The properties of diamond include hardness, transparency, electrical insulation, thermal conductivity, and being an excellent semiconductor material.
• Nanotubes have potential applications such as reinforcing materials, electronics, sensors, and drug delivery systems.
• Alloys are stronger than pure metals because the different sized atoms distort the layers