protein

• The human body requires protein as the chief tissue builder and part of every cell.
• Proteins help make hemoglobin in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells.
• Proteins form antibodies that fight infection.
• Proteins supply nitrogen for DNA and RNA genetic material.
• Proteins supply energy.
• The origin of the word protein is the Greek word proteios, meaning "primary" or " to take first place".
• Proteins are necessary for the growth and development of body tissues because they contain amino acids.
• Among the 20 amino acids, the human body cannot synthesize eight; therefore, these amino acids are essential amino acids.
• The eight essential amino acids are threonine, lysine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and valine.
• Proteins of animal sources have the highest biological value because they contain a more significant amount of the essential amino acids.
• The term biological value means measuring the proportion of absorbed protein from food that becomes incorporated into the organism's body's proteins.
• There are three ways of utilizing amino acids, such as protein synthesis, to manufacture various compounds like histamine, purines, pyrimidines, and biological fuel.
• The synthesis of new proteins is essential during growth.
• Infants' first food is milk since proteins are responsible for developing and repairing body tissues.
• About 10% of humans' energy production is from amino acids.
• The percentage of energy production from amino acids is much higher in carnivores, whose diet is almost entirely protein.
• Proteins have the most diverse functions of all the molecules encountered in living organisms.
• Proteins accelerate thousands of biochemical reactions, have some providing protection and support, cause cell mobility, have various protective functions, regulate cellular functions, and function as carriers of molecules or ions across membranes or between cells.
• All peptides and polypeptides are polymers of amino acids.
• The 20 α-amino acids are essential to the make-up of mammalian proteins.
• Basic amino acids have different nitrogen groups that tend to attract hydrogen atoms.
• Polar amino acids contain different polar constituents such as amines, alcohols, or acids and are considered hydrophilic molecules.
• Derived proteins form as intermediate products on the hydrolysis of either simple or conjugated proteins.
• Glycoproteins are the combination of proteins with carbohydrates like hexose and hexamine.
• Apoprotein is a protein with no prosthetic group, while holoprotein has a prosthetic group.
• Nonpolar amino acids are hydrophobic molecules and their side chain can be alkyl or aromatic groups.
• Nucleoproteins are the combination of proteins and nucleic acid.
• The primary subcategories of amino acids are polar and nonpolar amino acids.
• The only amino acid that is not exhibiting chirality is glycine since its side chain or "R-group" is a hydrogen atom.
• Simple proteins are composed only of amino acid units and on complete hydrolysis, yield only amino acids.
• Secondary proteins are formed when the hydrolysis has been more extensive.
• Phosphoproteins are the combination of proteins with phosphorus-containing substances.
• Primary derived proteins are formed when hydrolysis is slight.
• Chromoproteins are the combination of proteins with pigments.
• Amino acids can be classified based on the structure of their side chains.
• Conjugated proteins contain another type of molecule or compound attached to the amino acid unit.
• An optically active molecule exhibits chirality.
• Neutral amino acids have at least one hydrogen component connected to electronegative atoms.
• Prosthetic groups typically play a crucial role in the function of proteins.
• D-amino acids do not form in proteins, although they exist in nature and are frequently found in polypeptide antibiotics.