action theories

• What theory is Weber associated with regarding religion?

  Action theories
• What does Weber's 1905 study focus on?

  Religion as a force for change
• How did Calvinism contribute to modern capitalism according to Weber?

  It influenced social change in Northern Europe
• What is unique about modern capitalism according to Weber?

  It is based on rational pursuit for its own sake
• What term does Weber use to describe the essence of capitalism?

  The spirit of capitalism
• What does Weber mean by 'elective affinity' in relation to Calvinism?

  Unconscious similarity to Calvinist beliefs
• What is the concept of predestination in Calvinism?

  God decides who is saved before birth
• How does divine transcendence affect Calvinists?

  It causes feelings of salvation panic
• What does asceticism mean in the context of Calvinism?

  Abstaining from luxury and self-denial
• How did the meaning of 'calling' change for Calvinists?

  It became about glorifying God through work
• What did Calvinists do with the profits they earned?

  Reinvested them into their industry
• What does Weber argue about the role of Calvinist beliefs in capitalism?

  They were one of the causes, not the sole cause
• What material factors does Weber acknowledge as necessary for capitalism?

  Natural resources, trade, and a money economy
• What does Weber note about societies with higher economic development than Northern Europe?

  They failed to develop modern capitalism
• Which ancient societies does Weber mention in relation to capitalism?

  Ancient India and China
• What are the key features of Calvinism according to Weber?

  • Ascetic: Calvinists refrain from luxury
  • This-worldly: Focus on material work, not spiritual work
• How do Hinduism and Confucianism compare to Calvinism regarding asceticism and worldly focus?

  • Hinduism: Ascetic (like Calvinism), Other-worldly (unlike Calvinism)
  • Confucianism: This-worldly (like Calvinism), Not ascetic (unlike Calvinism)
• Why does Weber argue capitalism did not develop in ancient India and China?

  Lacked asceticism and this-worldliness combination
• What is Kautsky's critique of Weber's argument?

  He overestimates ideas, underestimates economic factors
• What does Tawney argue caused capitalism instead of religious ideas?

  Technological changes
• What alternative explanation is given for Calvinists becoming capitalists?

  Exclusion from political office led to business