religion and social change

• What does Engels argue about religion's role in change?

  Religion inhibits change by disguising inequality
• How can religion be a force for change according to Engels?

  Lower ranks can inspire popular protest
• What is Bloch's view on religion's impact on change?

  Religion can inspire protest and rebellion
• What vision can religious beliefs create according to Bloch?

  A vision of a better world
• What did Pope John Paul II say about liberation theology?

  He condemned it for resembling Marxism
• When did liberation theology emerge?

  At the end of the 1960s
• What was the Catholic Church's stance before liberation theology?

  It was extremely conservative and fatalistic
• What factors led to the emergence of liberation theology?

  Rural poverty and human rights abuses
• How did priests contribute to liberation theology?

  They helped establish support groups for the poor
• What is the difference between liberation theology and Pentecostalism?

  One focuses on collective action, the other on individualism
• What does David Lehmann contrast in his analysis?

  Liberation theology and Pentecostal churches
• What does Pentecostalism offer to the poor?

  Individual self-improvement through personal efforts
• How does Engels view millenarian movements?

  As an awakening of proletarian self-consciousness
• What do cargo cults worship?

  Cargo planes and radios
• What does Gramsci's concept of hegemony refer to?

  Ideological domination by the ruling class
• How did Billings apply Gramsci's ideas in his study?

  By comparing class struggle in two communities
• What role did independent churches play for coalminers?

  They provided spaces for meetings and organization
• How did religion affect textile workers according to Billings?

  They faced opposition from local church leaders
• What can the working class create according to Gramsci?

  Their own hegemony through leadership
• How did miners benefit from organic intellectuals?

  They received leadership and support for unions
• What role did churches play in supporting miners?

  They kept morale high with supportive activities