Architectural drafting and design

• Bearing wall construction and skeleton-frame construction-The principle of modern architecture have been known for century
• Bearing wall and the skeleton frame- Architectural structure is divided into two basic types
• bearing wall- the walls are solid and supported itself and the roof.
• log cabin- is an example of a bearing wall construction.
• Most early architecture, such as the Egyptians and the Grecian tructures were of the bearing wall type.
• The first of many design problem resulted in the development of the post and lintel.
• ancient Greeks -used post and lintel construction to erect many of their outstanding structures
• Order- The various styles of column designs
• Doric Order- simple and sturdy columns with no base or capital
• Ionic Order- more decorative than Doric but less so than Corinthian
• Corinthian Order- most elaborate of all orders; has a fluted shaft and acanthus leaves on its capital
• Composite and Tuscan order-Later the Romans developed
• Doric, ionic, corinthian- These orders of architecture developed by the Greeks
• PARTHENON- a classic example of Greek use the post and lintel,
• arch- differs from the post and lintel
• The vault- is simply a series of arches which forms a continuous covering.
• The dome is made of arches
• Romans felt that the dome developed a feeling of power and omnipotence
• word dome comes from the Italian word (duomo), meaning "cathedral" and is derived from the Latin word domus, meaning "house."
• recently as American colonial times, builders had only wood, stone and ceramic
• early american used steel, aluminum, structural glass, pre stressed concrete, wood laminates, and plastics
• glass- not a new material, but the development of structural
• glass, glass blocks, corrugated glass and thermal glass- has given the architect much greater freedom in the use of this material
• Wood- is also a classic building material. It is one of the oldest materials used in construction and yet the development of new structural
• wood forms, plywoods, and laminates- has revolutionized the structural use of wood
• Branches of Biology


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• Morphology


  Deals with the study of external structure of organism
• Anatomy


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• Cytology


  Study of cells
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  Study of tissues
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  Heredity and transmission of traits from parents to offspring
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  Classifications and naming of organisms
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• Paleontology


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• Parasitology


  Study of parasite, their hosts and the relationship between them