quiz 2

• Race: systems created by humans to classify groups on people based on skin colour and other characteristics (hair texture, eye shape)
• Ethnicity = common culture, religion, history or ancestry shared by a group of people. 
• Sociologists see race as a social construct, a concept humans invented to help justify or understand dimensions on the social world.
• Implicate and explicate bias 

  implicate= the association our minds make between seemingly unrelated things 

  Explicate = prejudice that we are openly and consciously aware of.
• Stereotypes and prejudice:

  Stereotypes = a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

  Prejudice = preconceived beliefs, attitudes and option about member of another group. 
• Racism doesn't exist in individuals but in institutions 

  Racism is built into schools, agencies and private establishments 
• Reparations 

  Formal recognition (compensation) typically financial for past harm against a specific group
• Gender: refers to the physical, behavioural and personality character gives to a persons sex
• Sex: anatomical or other biological differences between males and females that originate in genes/ reproductive organs.  
• Masculinity’s and femininity: Refer to the cultural definitions of the traits associated with being a “women” or a “man” acquire during socialisation. 

  Acting masculine or feminine has less do with biological than with the societal gender roles.
• intersectionality:  the acknowledgement that everyone has their own unique experiences of discrimination and oppression.

  discrimination black women face
• the intersexual experience is greater than the sum of racism and sexism.

  Compared to men women are subject to double the amount of discrimination than men
• Social inequality

  a disparity in: income, wealth, power, prestige, and other resources
• Social scarification

  a society's categorization of its people into rankings based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and power
• • stratification system considered “closed” or “open”depending on the mobility available 
• Characteristics of stratified systems

  1. Ranking apply to social categories of systems 
  2. Ranking influences life experience and opportunities 

  • achieved status: the equitation of socially valued skills 
  • Ascribed status: characteristics that can’t be alert (sex, gender)

  3. Hierarchical positions of social categories tend to change slowly over time
• Class: economic position in society (income, wealth)
• Life chances: opportunities/obstacles encountered (education, social life)
• Social mobility: upward/ downward movement over time 
• Modern capitalistic society: tera drop-shaped
• concepts of social class:     

  1. Income 

  2. Wealth

  3. Occupation

  4. Status 

  5. Political voice 
• Portes and Rumbaut explain occupational diversity among foreign-born By bimodal pattern: 

  • Asia middle east Canada and Europe = concentrate in professional jobs 
  • Latin American and southeast Asia are less concerned in professional jobs (although their participation to labour market it high)
• Self employment = economic self reliance (upward mobility)
• Economic position of immigrants can be measured by average income.

  The variability of education, occupation and business ownership
• Human capital: Educational attainment , skills and job experience
• Difference in human capital explain some of the labour market. 
• Deindustrialization 

  slow and steady decline of manufacturing employment.
• Public education

  Mass education: extension to wide segments of population 

  Public education: provided by the government, funded by tax
• credential society 

  Access to desirable jobs and social status depends of possession of certificate of diploma of formal education. 

  Degrees serve as a filter determining jobs 
• World poverty and illiteracy 

  Poverty: Created out of an impoverished of language environment. Children in impoverished language environment have heard 3 million fewer words spoken to them than the middle class 
• School segregation 

  Issues in the U.S higher education

  1. Education, employment and earning
  2. Internship in higher education
  3. Dropping in, dropping out: why are rates so high 
• Children of immigrants:

  • Children develop sense of obligation
  • Undermines parents authority 
  • Parents socioeconomic status, peer networks, and social contexts. 
• Forced migration includes:

  • refugee flows,
  • asylum seekers,
  • internal displacement,
  • human trafficking
• Globalisation and forced migration- 

  Is a system of selective inclusion and exclusion of specific areas and groups, which maintains and exacerbates inequality 

  • Growth in the first world (west)
  • decline in Thord world (east)
• Forced migration brings about social transformation in northern societies by increasing the social and cultural diversity of population
• The body of law governing U.S. immigration policy is called the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)
• immigration and the public policy:

  • The INA allows the United States to grant up to 675,000 permanent immigrant visas each year.
  • public opposition affects the public policy
• This interplay has affects on three constituencies:

  1. The immigrant themselves 
  2. The ethnic group created by them
  3. Society at large 
• Policies steaming from the fears have followed two paths:

  1. Excluded new comers: intransigent nativism

  2. Forced assimilation: assimilate them as quickly as possible 
• Nativism 

  • The general perception of the foreign population among the native-born majority
  • Belief immigrants will “distort or spoil” existing cultural values".