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Endocrinology
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Created by
Nigel Fordham
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Cards (91)
What is the overall purpose of the endocrine system?
To regulate body functions through
hormones
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What are the two parts of the learning outcomes in endocrinology?
Understanding
hormones
and
endocrine
organ
anatomy
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How do the nervous and endocrine systems work together?
They coordinate functions to maintain
homeostasis
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What is a hormone?
A
chemical mediator
that regulates
body functions
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How does the endocrine system release hormones?
Through the
bloodstream
to
target cells
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What distinguishes the nervous system from the endocrine system?
Nervous system uses
electrical impulses
; endocrine uses
hormones
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What are the two classes of hormones based on solubility?
Lipid-soluble
and
water-soluble
hormones
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How do lipid-soluble hormones interact with target cells?
They bind to
intracellular receptors
inside the cell
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What is the role of intracellular receptors?
They bind
hormones
and influence
gene expression
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What happens when a lipid-soluble hormone binds to its receptor?
The complex moves to the nucleus and alters
gene expression
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What is the function of water-soluble hormones?
They bind to
surface receptors
and activate
second messengers
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What is the second messenger system in hormone action?
It
amplifies
the
signal
inside
the
cell
after
hormone
binding
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What is the role of G-proteins in hormone signaling?
They activate
enzymes
that produce
second messengers
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What is signal amplification in cell signaling?
Increased intensity of a signal through
intracellular
reactions
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What are the two forms of hormone receptors?
Cell surface receptors
and
intracellular
receptors
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What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
It regulates the secretory activity of the
pituitary gland
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What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?
Oxytocin
and
Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH)
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How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?
By a stalk containing
nerve fibers
and
blood vessels
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What is the anatomical location of the pituitary gland?
In the
sella turcica
of the
sphenoid bone
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What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
Anterior pituitary
and
posterior pituitary
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How many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?
Nine
different hormones
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What is the function of the anterior pituitary?
It produces and secretes various
hormones
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What are the major glands of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenals
Pancreas
Gonads
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What are the characteristics of hormone receptors?
Highly specific to one hormone
High affinity for low hormone
concentrations
Low capacity, saturating at low concentrations
Dynamic, changing in
expression
and distribution
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What are the mechanisms of hormone action?
Extracellular
receptors for
water-soluble
hormones
Second messenger
systems (e.g.,
cAMP
)
Intracellular
receptors for
lipid-soluble
hormones
Influence on
gene expression
and
protein synthesis
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What are the feedback mechanisms in hormone control?
Negative feedback: reduces
hormone secretion
Positive feedback: increases hormone secretion
Influenced by
blood biochemistry
and other hormones
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What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus controls pituitary function
Connected by a
stalk
with nerve fibers and blood vessels
Pituitary secretes
hormones
influenced by hypothalamus
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What are the anatomical regions of the anterior pituitary?
Pars distalis
: majority of hormone production
Pars tuberalis
: poorly understood function
Pars intermedia
: boundary between anterior and posterior
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What gland directly oversees the stimulation and hormone secretion of the adrenal medulla?
Pituitary gland
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Where is the pituitary gland located?
Inferior to the
hypothalamus
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What is another term for the pituitary gland?
Hypophysis
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What is the structure of the pituitary gland?
Small, slightly oval gland in the
sphenoid bone
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How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?
By a thin stalk called the
infundibulum
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How is the pituitary gland partitioned?
Into
anterior
and
posterior
pituitary
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How many different hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?
Nine
different hormones
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What are the three anatomical regions of the anterior pituitary?
Pars distalis
,
pars tuberalis
,
pars intermedia
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What is the primary function of the pars distalis?
Majority of
pituitary hormone
production occurs
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What is known about the function of the pars tuberalis?
Its
function
is
poorly
understood
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What does the pars intermedia secrete?
MSH
(Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)
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What types of endocrine cells are found in the anterior pituitary?
Somatotropes
, prolactins,
gonadotropes
, corticotropes, thyrotropes
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